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Cardiovascular System:
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
The human heart is roughly the size of a human fist, with an average mass of 275 g. It begins to beat within a few weeks of gestation, contracting approximately once per second through a lifetime (about 3 billion heart beats). The heart is a dual-pump system (Figure 1.1). The right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the venous system to be sent to the pulmonary arteries and the lungs (the pulmonary circulation), while the left side collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins to be sent out via the aorta to the body tissues (the systemic circulation). The pulmonary circulation has a lower pressure than the systemic circulation. It is a low-resistance system that moves 100% of the blood through the lungs, exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen. In contrast, the systemic circulatory system acts as a parallel circuit, and the distribution of blood to each of the body organs varies, depending on the relative resistance of the arterioles and capillaries preceding the organ system. At rest, a large proportion of the total blood flow is directed to the digestive tract and the kidneys. With exercise, the arterioles to the muscle beds vasodilate, decreasing the resistance and redirecting more blood flow to this organ system, while decreasing the relative flow to the digestive tract and kidney. Although blood flow to many body organs may vary, blood flow to the brain remains constant.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
There are two blood flow circuits made up of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The pulmonary circulation conveys oxygen-depleted blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide and then returns the oxygen-replenished blood back to the left side of the heart. The systemic circulation carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right side of the heart. We think of oxygenated blood as red and oxygen-poor blood as blue. Look at the underside of your wrist and you can easily see the superficial blue veins of the systemic circulation near the skin surface.
Hyperspectral image analysis for subcutaneous veins localization
Published in Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Dileep Kumar, Optical Imaging for Biomedical and Clinical Applications, 2017
Aamir Shahzad, Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad, Fabrice Meriaudeau, Aamir Saeed Malik
The human circulation system generally consists of three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. These blood vessels are used to transport blood that behaves like a transport medium within the body. The blood is pumped by the heart into the arteries, which carry it to all parts of the body. Capillaries are the smaller vessels which exchange the nutrients, oxygen etc. with the tissues. Veins carry the deoxygenated blood back from the tissues to the heart. These three blood vessels are interconnected and create the closed circulation system for the body. Figure 7.1 depicts the anatomy of blood vessels at the capillaries level [1].
Association between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and blood pressure, hypertension: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Zhiping Niu, Zhizhou Duan, Hongmei Yu, Lina Xue, Feifei Liu, Dong Yu, Keying Zhang, Donghui Han, Weihong Wen, Hao Xiang, Weijun Qin
Hypertension is characterized by increased systemic circulation arterial blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic) (systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg), which may be accompanied by functional or organic damage to the heart, brain, kidney and other organs. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) report, hypertension and high blood pressure are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, causing an estimated 10.7 million deaths a year (Li et al. 2019). Considering that hypertension and high blood pressure are characterized with high incidence, high mortality and contribute to severe burden on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other body system, identifying potential risk factor of hypertension and high blood pressure is of great significance for public health. In parallel, according to the report of World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is responsible for an estimated 6.5 million deaths worldwide, especially in developing countries (Ji 2018). For example, suggested that exposure to air pollution is ranked as the fourth leading cause of disease burden in China (Zhou et al. 2019).
A Smart and Secured Approach for Children’s Health Monitoring Using Machine Learning Techniques Enhancing Data Privacy
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Blood pressure is the force of blood circulation on the artery walls. Blood pressure consists of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. It primarily occurs due to the contraction of the heart muscle. Diastolic pressure is measured when the after heart contracts and Systolic pressure is measured before the heart contracts. Hypertension occurs due to the elevation in blood pressure. Fingertip PPG sensor detects and monitors the vital parameters of the infant. To measure the blood pressure of the child, an optical photo sensor is used as it is non-invasive in nature. SpO2 is monitored using an optical photo sensor attached to the gadget (Table 2).