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Mapping the Injured Brain
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Chandler Sours, Jiachen Zhuo, Rao P. Gullapalli
Recent studies using DTI tend to focus primarily on alterations in the WM microstructure associated with DAI due to the great sensitivity of FA and axial/radial diffusivity in detecting axonal injury. Region of interest (ROI) analysis based on either anatomical regions or tractography-based tract regions indicate that commonly damaged regions following TBI include the corpus callosum (Bazarian et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2009; Mayer et al., 2010; Warner et al., 2010a), internal capsule (Arfanakis et al., 2002; Bazarian et al., 2007), and cingulum bundles (Mac Donald et al., 2011). More recently, whole-brain analysis, such as tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) (Smith et al., 2006), revealed more widely spread WM abnormalities extending to the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, corona radiate, frontal and temporal lobes, etc. (Messe et al., 2011; Yuh et al., 2013), which is consistent with the diffuse nature of the injury. Alterations in DTI parameters following TBI, most strongly FA, have been widely demonstrated, correlating with injury severity (Benson et al., 2007) and/or functional outcomes after TBI, including neuropsychological scores (Kraus et al., 2007; Niogi et al., 2008), GOS (Sidaros et al., 2008), and postconcussive symptoms (Wilde et al., 2008). More importantly, acute DTI abnormalities have shown prognostic values in predicting outcomes in severe TBI (Betz et al., 2012; Shanmuganathan et al., 2004). Even in mTBI, FA reduction in at least one region in the brain was shown to be the most robust predictor for 6-month outcome, over conventional MRI and/or any other clinical, demographic/socioeconomic characteristics (Yuh et al., 2013). Figure 14.5 demonstrates diffuse acute FA reduction in mTBI patients (n = 14) who had eventual worsening symptoms at 6 months compared to a control group (n = 30), while no changes in FA were noted in a group of patients (n = 11) who had eventual improvement of symptom severity.
Previous, current, and future stereotactic EEG techniques for localising epileptic foci
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Debayan Dasgupta, Anna Miserocchi, Andrew W. McEvoy, John S. Duncan
Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is the intracranial diagnostic technique that has over the past 25 years become the mainstay of the surgical management of epilepsy [10,11], as it has benefits over the use of subdural grids and strip electrodes (the other common method of intracranial EEG, that requires an open craniotomy approach) – particularly the ability to record from deep structures in the brain, and to do so bilaterally, and also from deep cortical areas (for example, cingulum and insula) the depths of sulci or particular areas of white matter implicated in the spread of the seizure. SEEG is also superior in its granularity of recording than the historically used simple depth electrodes, allowing for an aim of not just lateralizing seizure onset but defining the SOZ in three dimensions. The increasing preference in the epilepsy surgery community for SEEG is expanded upon in following sections, however it is based around reduced infection rates and morbidity when compared to subdural grids and strip electrodes.
Caregiver and special education staff perspectives of a commercial brain-computer interface as access technology: a qualitative study
Published in Brain-Computer Interfaces, 2018
Sarvnaz Taherian, T. Claire Davies
It is important to acknowledge that up to one third of people who have participated in BCI research, have found that the system is unable to detect classifiable task related EEG patterns. This might have been the case for our participants who were unable to use the BCI. For these individuals, even extensive training does not result in successful operation of BCI [2,44]. The causes for the inability to control a BCI have not been extensively researched [45–48]. Research by Halder et al. [49] suggests that differences in BCI performance using motor imagery is correlated with the quality of white brain matter and different brain structures, such as the corpus callosum, cingulum and superior fronto-occipital fascicle. There is vast evidence that these areas of the brain are affected in people with CP [50]. Systematic analyses on how different neurological/cognitive conditions affect BCI performance are required to establish factors, which contribute to BCI illiteracy, and how to screen for them to determine the brain signals suitable for a given user.
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Benjamin Davidson, Flavia Venetucci Gouveia, Jennifer S. Rabin, Peter Giacobbe, Nir Lipsman, Clement Hamani
Riva-Posse et al. (2014) retrospectively evaluated electrode locations in a series of SCC DBS patients using DTI. They observed that compared with non-responders, responders shared a similar white matter tract blueprint – the convergence of four tract pathways – the forceps minor, cingulum, uncinate fasciculus, and frontal-striatal fibers [13]. The same group went on to prospectively test the hypothesis that SCC DBS is optimal when the active electrode is at the convergence of these four white matter tracts. This targeting strategy led to a marked improvement in clinical results – 82% response rate at 12 months – albeit in the context of open-label treatment [14].