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Miscellaneous procedures
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
A similar technique can be used to access the para-aortic or other deeply seated lymph nodes when the use of ultrasound-guided access is not possible. This technique requires careful planning with C-arm angiography using a CBCT facility with guidance software as discussed elsewhere in this chapter to ensure that vital structurers are avoided. Alternatively, conventional CT can be used for needle guidance. CT imaging is used for the assessment of leakage of chyle in the abdomen or thorax and follow-up after treatment (Fig. 13.25c).
Physico-mathematics and the life sciences: experiencing the mechanism of venous return, 1650s–1680s
Published in Annals of Science, 2022
One of the first anatomists to comment specifically on blood flow inside the veins was the young Frenchman Jean Pecquet in his book Experimenta nova anatomica (Paris, 1651).45 This book was a major contribution to the history of anatomy because it showed that the liver – traditionally thought to produce blood from chyle, a milky fluid produced during digestion – did not produce blood after all. Instead, chyle bypassed the liver into the thoracic duct, a new duct discovered by Pecquet that connected the lacteal vessels to the blood circulation.46 Pecquet’s book was a great success and, within three years of publication, went through an augmented second edition and an English translation.47 In this book, Pecquet included a dissertation centred on the problem of blood motion in the veins.48 There, he argued that the original impulse of the heart’s contraction was not enough to account for the return of blood to the heart through the veins, a motion today called venous return.49 More importantly, in certain parts of venous return, Pecquet noticed that the blood moves in a direction contrary to that of its own weight, or, in modern terms, against the law of gravity.50 This contrary motion of the blood is particularly problematic in human beings and upright animals because more than half of the blood flows upwards towards the heart through the inferior vena cava (Figure 1).51 How can such a large quantity of blood move upwards without the original impulse of the heart?
Microencapsulation and controlled release of bioactive compounds from grape pomace
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Cassiano Brown da Rocha, Caciano Pelayo Zapata Noreña
The effect of the in vitro digestive simulation on the release of the encapsulated TMA was divided into two stages and is showed in Figure 8. The first stage involves the gastric phase, which simulates the entry of food into the upper gastrointestinal tract through the mouth. In the first minutes, food will undergo saliva action at a pH near neutrality and transported to the stomach, where the food bolus will be transformed in chyme due to the acidic gastric juice and proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin. In this context, the simulation corresponds to the first and second hour of the experiment. The second stage is called “intestinal phase”, and it occurs during the third and fourth hours of the experiment. It simulates the small intestine process, where chyme is transformed into chyle due to the alkaline pH in the presence of bile-rich duodenal fluid and the action of pancreatin and lipase enzymes.[13,28] It is known that in the small intestine is where most of the phenolic compounds and glycosylated anthocyanins may be absorbed.[13,49]