China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Cholangiocarcinoma is an important cancer of the biliary tract. This infection is related to an important tropical trematode infection, opisthorchiasis. The highest incidence of this infection is seen in Indochina, where the liver fluke is highly incidence. The high incidence of liver fluke infestation in Indochina is believed to due to the rooted behavior of ingestion of raw fish. The chronic liver fluke infection can result in cholangiocarcinogenesis. In endemic countries, the patient usually presents with advanced disease and the treatment is usually hopeless (Wiwanitkit, 2003). The surgery is usually not successful in getting rid of tumor mass and the chemotherapy is usually not effective. Similar to other cancers, tissue engineering and regenerative therapy are a hope for management of cholangiocarcinoma at present (Hibi et al., 2014).
Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Mechanical biliary obstruction may occur at any level from the liver to the duodenum. Causes include gallstones in the bile ducts, pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater or duodenum, iatrogenic biliary stricture, chronic pancreatitis, liver masses and sclerosing cholangitis. The roles of imaging are to determine the presence, level and cause of biliary obstruction.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
‘Liver-fluke-induced cholangiocarcinoma is likely the result of chronic inflammation that involves the activation of oxidative stress pathways. Metabolic products excreted from liver flukes are highly immunogenic and may stimulate cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis directly.’ (IARC 2012b, 365).