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35Cl
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Chlorine salts are critical for mammalian species: hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used in the stomach for digestion, while Na+ and Cl- from sodium chloride NaCl are used as fundamental electrolytes in cellular metabolism. The Cl- anions can travel between the intracellular and extracellular spaces across the cell membrane through chloride channels and, therefore, play a key role in regulating cellular ion homeostasis, transmembrane pump functions, and cell volume, as well as in maintaining membrane potential and transmitting action potential along neurons and excitable muscle cells. The main dietary source is common salt: sodium chloride. Low or high concentrations of chloride in the blood are examples of electrolyte disturbances. Hypochloremia (too low chloride concentration) generally occurs due to abnormalities such as hypoventilation or chronic respiratory acidosis. Hyperchloremia (too high chloride concentration) can occur when the body loses a large amount of fluids that do not contain electrolytes (due to sweating, lack of water intake, skin burns), which can lead to cerebral dehydration and can also affect oxygen transport. Typical concentrations of chlorine in the human body are listed in Table 5.2.
Neurons
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The ClC family of chloride channels and transporters is divided into three subfamilies according to similarities in the base sequences of the genes encoding their channel proteins. Two members of one subfamily, referred to as ClC-1 and CLC-2, are voltage-gated channels found in the cell membrane. ClC-1 is the major skeletal muscle chloride channel and plays a dominant role in regulating muscle excitability. Muscle cells have a high conductance to Cl– that contributes up to 85% of the membrane conductance at rest and helps to stabilize the membrane voltage.
Development and Utilization of a Novel Prodosomed-Electrolyte and Phytochemical Formulation Technology to Restore Metabolic Homeostasis
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi
Chloride: Edible salt is the prime source of chlorides in human body. Following ingestion, it is absorbed in the intestine, and extra chloride is excreted in the urine. Chloride plays an important role in helping the body to maintain a normal balance of fluids, while it is an important indicator for a wide array of clinical conditions.37–41 Chloride is generally tested in blood, sweat, urine, and feces. After sodium, chloride is an important and abundant electrolyte in the serum, which plays a prime role in the regulation of body fluids, proper blood volume, electrolyte balance, blood pressure, preservation of electrical neutrality and pH (acid-base homeostasis) of body fluids.38,41 It also maintains the fluid homeostasis inside and outside the cells. Moreover, it is intricately linked to multiple physiological conditions. Abnormal chloride levels alone indicate a serious metabolic disorder including metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.38–41 Irregularities in chloride channel expression and function can lead to multiple diseases and disorders in diverse organs. A chloride test can be performed to assess the level of chloride in the blood or urine, as well as in the sweat.38–41
Effects of exposure to sediment-associated fipronil on cardiac function of Neotropical armored catfish Hypostomus regani
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Abreu Ferro, Suzana Luisa Alves Fernandes, Ana Lúcia Kalinin, Diana Amaral Monteiro
Fipronil (5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) is a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide that blocks the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel of insect nervous systems, leading to hyperexcitability and death.[1,2] It is considered highly effective and has been used in several crops, veterinary medicine, and urban pest control.[3,4] Fipronil is classified as an emerging contaminant since it is not commonly monitored but is found in different environmental matrices and has the ability to negatively influence environmental or public health.[1,5,6]
Self-assembly as a key player for materials nanoarchitectonics
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Katsuhiko Ariga, Michihiro Nishikawa, Taizo Mori, Jun Takeya, Lok Kumar Shrestha, Jonathan P. Hill
Nanoarchitectonics upon self-assembly process to promote biomimetic and bio-inspired functions is also attractive research target [146,147]. For example, Talukdar and co-workers reported formation of transmembrane chloride channel through self-assembly of small-molecule fumaramides (Figure 5) [148]. Fumaramides and the corresponding maleamides with various N-terminal hydrophobic groups were synthesized and self-assembled into transmembrane channel structures within lipid bilayer membranes. Selective transmembrane transport properties of Cl ions were confirmed by planar bilayer conductance measurements. Cell-membrane-like assembled structures such as vesicles and structured micelles can be nanoarchitected from various small molecules. As an interesting example, Knight, Hawker, and co-workers reported morphologically shifting spherical assemblies upon metal coordination to assemblies of hybrid peptide–polymer conjugates [149]. Aggregated micellar particles were formed with Zn(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) ions. The presence of Mn(II) resulted in multilamellar vesicles, while formation of micelles was induced by Ni(II) and Cd(II) species.
Non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis by soil salinity
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ting Pan, Minmin Liu, Vladimir D. Kreslavski, Sergey K. Zharmukhamedov, Chenrong Nie, Min Yu, Vladimir V. Kuznetsov, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Sergey Shabala
At the thylakoid, chloride channel AtCLCe counterbalances chloride flux and regulation of photosynthetic electron transport (Figure 2; Herdean, Nziengui, et al., 2016). The maintenance of anion homeostasis and modulation of the partitioning of the pmf also involves operation of the thylakoid-based voltage-dependent Cl− channel AtVCCN1 (Figure 2; Duan et al., 2016; Herdean, Teardo, et al., 2016).