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Nanoscale electrokinetic phenomena
Published in Zhigang Li, Nanofluidics, 2018
Voltage-gated ion channels are quite common and play critical roles in physiological functions of certain biological systems, such as nerve, muscle, and neuroendocrine cells. Under a transmembrane potential, voltage-gated ion channels can undergo conformational changes or surface property variations to control the opening and closing of the channel. Voltage-gated ion channels are also ion selective. According to ion selectivity, they are classified into voltage-gated K+ channels, Na+ channels, Ca2+ channels, and Cl− channels. Artificial nanochannels with similar voltage gating and ion selectivity properties possess promising potentials in many applications, such as functional nanodevices, drug delivery, and biodetection.
Plant pharmacology: Insights into in-planta kinetic and dynamic processes of xenobiotics
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Tomer Malchi, Sara Eyal, Henryk Czosnek, Moshe Shenker, Benny Chefetz
There are numerous examples of analogies and homologies of receptors between animals and plants, and examples of such are transmembrane ion-channel receptors, transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors and transmembrane receptors within cytosolic domains. Transmembrane ion-channel receptors such as voltage-gated ion channels regulate the ionic balance of the cell and cellular processes. Plant ion channel families exhibit homologies to animal proteins, and include hyperpolarization-and depolarization-activated Shaker-type potassium channels, chloride transporters/channels, cyclic nucleotide–gated channels, and ionotropic glutamate receptor homologs (Ward et al., 2009). Transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors can activate a signal-transduction pathway that alters cellular processes through the activation of a second messenger system. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling regulates a wide range of growth and developmental processes in both animals and plants, but the two kingdoms are believed to have differences in protein structure, subunit composition and different G-protein-associated receptors (Stateczny et al., 2016; Trusov & Botella, 2016);
Multiscale modelling via split-step methods in neural firing
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2018
Pavol Bauer, Stefan Engblom, Sanja Mikulovic, Aleksandar Senek
There are many variants of ion channel proteins, whose functions are only recently better understood through studies using experimental techniques such as X-ray crystallography [2]. To our current understanding, ion channels reside at one of many conformal states, which are either closed (non-conducting) or open (conducting). If the conformal state is open, ions are allowed to pass through pathways called pores from the extrato intracellular space, or in the opposite direction. If the conformal state is closed, ions are blocked from entering the channel [3]. Ion channels become activated either in response to a chemical ligand binding, or in response to voltage changes on the membrane [1,3], so-called voltage-gated ion channels. In this work, we focus on voltage-gated ion channels, which are important for the initiation and the propagation of action potentials along the neuronal fibre.