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Allergens of Arthropods and Birds
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Psittacosis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and colibacillosis can all be transmitted from birds to humans through inhalation of the offending agent. Psittacosis, the most common of the bird zoonoses, is caused by Chlamydia psittaci (Hayashi et al., 1990; Macfarlane and Macrae, 1983). This organism infects a wide variety of avian species but is most common in Psittacidae. Humans become infected via the respiratory route after direct bird’contact or inhalation of Chlamydia-containing aerosolized material from bird feces or nasal secretion. In the adult host with a normal immune system, the disease is easily treated with antibiotics. However, in the immunocompromised population, mortality can be significant. The diagnosis of psitticosis in birds can be difficult, and presumptive treatment of birds before placement with an immunocompromised pet owner may be wise to prevent transmission.
Occupational risk factors in health of broiler-farm workers: A systematic review
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Claudia dos Anjos Magri, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Erlaine Binotto, Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Sarah Sgavioli, Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
Regarding the other possible triggers of various diseases are enteritis and neuropathy associated with infection by Campylobacter jejuni,64Histoplasma capsulatum,61 multiple myeloma associated with chemical exposure,59Chlamydia psittaci,62Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sydowi, Neurospora sitophila and Aspergill,69 Marek’s disease virus, avian leukosis,40 oncogenic bird virus,63 and Aflatoxin B1.30,51,55
On the interpretation of bioaerosol exposure measurements and impacts on health
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Hamza Mbareche, Lidia Morawska, Caroline Duchaine
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. When any of these become airborne, they can be transmitted to humans via the air. Among bacteria, legionellosis, tuberculosis, and anthrax are infectious diseases that constitute significant public health concerns due to their infectivity even at low doses. Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of legionellosis, can be aerosolized from contaminated water (Rowbotham 1980). Tuberculosis patients can transmit Mycobacterium tuberculosis in droplet nuclei by coughing, sneezing, and talking (Pearson et al. 1992). Anthrax, which is often linked to bioterrorism, is caused by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores (Jernigan et al. 2001). Other examples of bacterial infection through aerosols include Chlamydia psittaci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lyczak, Cannon, and Pier 2000; Morawska 2006). The most common invasive fungal infections are aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus), candidiasis (Candida albicans), cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans), mucormycosis (Rhizopus oryzae), pneumocystis (Pneumocystis jirovecii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccodioides immitis), histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccodioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasilliensis), and penicilliosis (Penicillium marneffei), all of which can be transmitted through aerosol spore exposure (Brown et al. 2012). Finally, viruses that are readily transmitted by bioaerosols include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, enteric viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hantavirus, varicella–zoster virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, and influenza A and B viruses (Bonifait et al. 2015; Gershon 2008; Hjelle and Glass 2000; Lindsley et al. 2010; Matricardi et al. 2000; Tellier 2009; Teltsch and Katzenelson 1978; Uyeki, Bresee 2007; Booth et al. 2005). It was suggested that other viruses, such as norovirus, could reach human’s digestive system through inhalation and swallowing (Bonifait et al. 2015). Although obvious evidence of viral airborne transmission is available, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are still skeptical about the subject of airborne transmission from one patient to the other (CDC 2018).