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Discrimination of Healthy Skin, Superficial Epidermal Burns, and Full-Thickness Burns from 2D-Colored Images Using Machine Learning
Published in Qurban A. Memon, Shakeel Ahmed Khoja, Data Science, 2019
Aliyu Abubakar, Hassan Ugail, Ali Maina Bukar, Kirsty M. Smith
Burns are caused via various processes such as thermal, chemical, friction, and radiation [10]. Burns that are caused by flames, hot objects, hot liquid, and steams are referred to as thermal burns. Burns caused by hot liquid and steams are sometimes referred to as scald burns. Corrosive substances such as acid are also known to cause severe damage to the skin when they come in contact, and this category of injury caused by such substances are called chemical burns, mostly occurring due to accidental spillage in industries/workplaces. Frictional forces relative to each other generate heat and leads to mechanical commotion of the skin resulting in friction burn injury. Burns caused by radiation are mostly due to exposure to ultraviolet sun radiation. This is in addition caused to prolong exposure to therapeutic radiations in hospitals as well as industry workers dealing with radiation substances. The severity of the burn depends on how long the body gets exposed to any of the causes mentioned.
Special Safety Rules, Policies, Safety Committee Organization, and Emergency Procedures
Published in D. C. Winburn, Practical Laser Safety, 2017
Acid or chemical burns. Flood affected area with large quantities of water and continue for a considerable period of time. Wash eyes with water for at least 15 minutes before applying additional treatment. Do not attempt to neutralize the offending chemical with other chemicals.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF PART 2
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
of mouth and stomach; General Treatment for Exposure: INHALATION: remove from exposure; provide low-pressure oxygen if required; keep under observation until edema is ruled out. EYES: irrigate immediately for 15 min.; call physician. SKIN: wash immediately and thoroughly with soap and water; treat as a chemical burn. INGESTION; induce vomiting; call physician; Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value): Data not available; Short-Term Exposure Limits: Data not available; Toxicity by Ingestion: Grade 3; oral LD50 (1,4-dichloro-2-butene) = 89 mg/kg (rat); Late Toxicity: Data not available; Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics: Data not available; Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics: Data not available; Odor Threshold: Data not available. Fire Hazards — Flash Point: Data not available; Flammable Limits in Air (%): 1.5-4; Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, dry chemical ,or carbon dioxide; Fire Extinguishing Agents Not To Be Used: Not pertinent; Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Decomposition vapors contain phosgene and hydrogen chloride gases; both are toxic and irritating; Behavior in Fire: Not pertinent; Ignition Temperature; Data not available; Electrical Hazard: Data not available; Burning Rate: 2.6 mm/min. Chemical Reactivity — Reactivity with Water: Reacts slowly to form hydrochloric acid; Reactivity with Common Materials: Corrodes metal when wet; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Chemical mismanagement and skin burns among hospitalized and outpatient department patients
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Salman Majeed, Mati Ur Rahman, Hammad Majeed, Sami Ur Rahman, Asif Hayat, Sandra D. Smith
The various acids, cleaning agents and detergents may cause chemical burns when their high-grade solutions are used, e.g., hydrochloric acid and bleach. In cleaning agents, low-grade sulfuric acid is used, which may still be the cause of severe skin burns. Acids were reported as the cause of both major and minor skin burns (as mentioned in Table 4); however, solvents/detergents and most of the reported alkalis were the causes of minor skin burns. Such chemicals may lead to fatal consequences, e.g., chemical poisoning and the victim’s death [26]. These results are consistent with the studies conducted by Xie et al. [8] and Ye et al. [25] in which the authors mentioned acids, followed by alkalis, as leading causes of chemical skin burns. Additionally, inflammation could be experienced which may damage the skin when chemicals get into contact with the human body [27]. Some alternative methods of treatments are also noted by different scholars to treat burn wounds, such as aloe vera, honey and bee pollen, and are noted to be helpful to facilitate granulation of the burn wound due to their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and immunostimulating properties [28–30].
Assault burn injuries in adolescents and adults in South Africa: risk factors and characteristics
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
Ashley van Niekerk, Rajen Govender, David Kimemia
The following explanatory variables were employed:Burn Injury Type: Burn injury categories were aligned to ICD-9 convention. Only external burns were considered due to attendant information on burn severity. The three types of external burns were scalds, chemical burns and flame burns (Reference Category). Chemical burns comprise burns as a result of chemical agents such as acid, household detergents, solvents and similar compounds.Age Cohort: Age was entered into the analysis as a categorical variable comprising four cohorts as follows: adolescents/youth: 13–21 years, young adults: 22–39 years, mature adults: 40-54 years and older adults: 55 years and older (Reference Category).Sex: Sex was recorded as either male or female (Reference Category).Presence of Alcohol: The presence or absence of alcohol was based on reporting and/or observation at time of admission and measured as a binary categorical variable indicating Alcohol Present/Alcohol Not Present (Reference Category). The measure does not include information on prior history of use/abuse or related biomarker testing at admission or during hospitalisation.Body Part Affected: Body part affected refers to the area of the body which was affected by the burn injury. This was assessed from hospital records and recorded in four variables as follows:Head and Neck – the body area affected was the patient’s neck and headTrunk - the body area affected was the patient’s trunk, either front or backArms and Fingers - the body area affected was the patient’s arms, hands and fingersFeet and Legs – the body area affected was the patient’s feet, legs and toes.