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Applications of AI in Medical Science and Drug Development
Published in Mark Chang, Artificial Intelligence for Drug Development, Precision Medicine, and Healthcare, 2020
Stroke is a common and frequently occurring disease that affects more than 500 million people worldwide. The major AI applications in stroke care include: early disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment recommendation. Stroke, 85% of the time, is caused by a thrombus in a blood vessel in the brain leading to a cerebral infarction. However, for lack of judgment of early stroke symptoms, only a few patients can receive timely treatment (Jiang et al., 2017). To this end, a movement-detecting device for early stroke prediction has been developed using PCA and a genetic fuzzy finite state machine (Villar et al., 2015). A SVM was used by Rehme et al. (2015) in interpreting restingstate functional MRI data, by which endophenotypes of motor disability after stroke were identified and classified. The SVM correctly classifies stroke patients with 87.6% accuracy. An alert of stroke is activated once the recognized movement of the patient is significantly different from the normal pattern. The AI methodology is proposed by Maninini et al. (2016) based on the extracted features from hidden Markov models (HMMs) and SVMs. The device is tested on gait data recorded on two pathological populations (Huntington’s disease and post-stroke subjects) and healthy elderly controls using data from inertial measurement units placed at shank and waist. 90.5% of subjects were assigned to the correct group after leave-one-subject-out cross-validation and majority voting.
VR-Based Assessment and Intervention of Cognitive Functioning after Stroke
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation, 2020
Pedro Gamito, Ágata Salvador, Jorge Oliveira, Teresa Souto, Ana Rita Conde, João Galhordas
Stroke leads to sudden death of brain cells due to a lack of oxygen resulting from an interruption of blood flow to the brain. This disruption is caused by obstruction or rupture of a brain artery (Johnson et al. 2016). The updated definition of stroke proposed by the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association defines stroke as a result of an acute focal injury to the central nervous system of vascular cause, namely, cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This event, even in asymptomatic patients, is potentially associated with serious consequences, such as cognitive and functional decline (Sacco et al. 2013).
Introduction to medical imaging
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Diffusion-weighted imaging is the most sensitive imaging test available for the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction. With the onset of acute ischaemia and cell death there is increased intracellular water (cytotoxic oedema) with restricted diffusion of water molecules. An acute infarct therefore shows on DWI as an area of relatively high signal.
Mechanisms Associated with Protective Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extracton in Rat Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Wei Song, Jun Zhao, Xu-Sheng Yan, Xin Fang, Dong-Sheng Huo, He Wang, Jian-Xin Jia, Zhan-Jun Yang
Cerebral ischemia is a pathophysiological phenomenon that often occurs in cerebral infarction characterized by disruption of supply of blood, oxygen, and glucose to the brain. Following cerebral ischemia additional brain tissue injury occurs attributed to reperfusion in this brain area termed cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) resulting in consequent generation and accumulation of toxic metabolites (Sanderson et al. 2013; Tuma and Steffens 2012). Injury attributed to reperfusion may be more fatal than the initial cerebral ischemia. Several investigators demonstrated that CIRI involves complex pathophysiological processes predominantly related to oxidant stress as evidenced by (1) excessive generation of free radicals accompanied by inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities, and (2) increased release of inflammatory mediators (Jia et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017; Patel and Saver 2013). Although these underlying mechanisms are known to be involved in CIRI, effective therapeutic measures still need to be established.
Evaluating quiet standing posture of post-stroke patients by classifying cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage patients
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Dongdong Li, Kohei Kaminishi, Ryosuke Chiba, Kaoru Takakusaki, Masahiko Mukaino, Jun Ota
A stroke is caused by the sudden death of brain cells and is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide [1]. A stroke is mainly caused by a lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is interrupted owing to the blockage (cerebral infarction, CI) or rupture of an artery to the brain (cerebral hemorrhage, CH). A stroke represents a disorder in which the standing posture of the patient is disturbed, which can cause a greater probability of falling compared to non-stroke patients. In this regard, evaluating the quiet standing posture of the post-stroke patients is highly necessary.