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Phototherapy Using Nanomaterials
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
A. N. Resmi, V. Nair Resmi, C. R. Rekha, V. Nair Lakshmi, Shaiju S. Nazeer, Ramapurath S. Jayasree
Compared to the first-generation PSs, the second-generation PSs showed improvement in tissue accumulation time. Therapy becomes more patient friendly and can be conducted as an outpatient procedure, as the time between PS administration and light irradiation is reduced. Therapy can be carried out on the same day of administration. Photosensitivity window of the second-generation PSs also reduces as they stay less than 2 weeks only in the normal tissue [126]. These PSs with porphyrin ring structures are highly hydrophobic in nature. The degree of PS hydrophobicity has negative influence in the route of administration along with biodistribution/pharmacokinetic profile [122, 139]. Tumor to normal ratio is high for hydrophobic PSs (7:1−8:1) compared to hydrophilic PS (2:1) [140]. Even though hydrophobicity facilitatives the ability to penetrate the cell membrane and locate in the photosensitive sub-cellular compartment, formation of aggregates in aqueous solution is an issue that adversely affect 1O2 generation and photo killing properties. Hydrophobicity can also lead to blood incompatibility and limit the clinical application. These hydrophobic PSs are not soluble in physiological solvents and body fluids that lead to blood incompatibility and limitation in clinical application [141, 142].
Coordination and Auto-Propagation of ROS Signaling in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Suruchi Singh, Abdul Hamid, Madhoolika Agrawal, S.B. Agrawal
The following points highlight the specific nature of ROS-induced signaling:ROS are mainly used as a general signal to facilitate or activate the cellular signaling networks of cells and that other signals function together with ROS to convey specificity. These other signals could be small peptides, hormones, lipids, cell wall fragments and others.The ROS signal carries within it a decoded message, which is like calcium signals that have specific oscillation patterns within defined cellular locations.The specific features of the signal could be perceived and decoded by specialized mechanisms to trigger specific gene expression patterns.Each cellular compartment or individual cell has its own set(s) of ROS receptors to decode ROS signals generated within it, which are then transferred by other networks such as calcium and/or protein phosphorylation.
Computational Modeling of Transepithelial Endogenous Electric Signals
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Somen Baidya, Ahmed M. Hassan, Min Zhao
In Eq. 11.6, Na+ and K+ fluxes are independent of the potential difference between the compartments. The 3Na+/2K+ ATPase pumps one extra positive ion outside of the cellular compartment than what it pumps inside the cell, in effect maintaining a higher concentration of Na+ ions and a lower concentration of K+ ions in the cellular compartment [2]. Also, it has a general effect of making the cellular compartment more negative in potential than the extracellular basolateral compartment [2].
Characteristics of Cd accumulation and distribution in two sweet potato cultivars
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
Baifei Huang, Hongwen Dai, Wenjing Zhou, Lijing Peng, Meizhen Li, Renjie Wan, Wenting He
The cell wall is the first barrier protecting the protoplast against heavy metal toxicity, and it is also a cellular compartment with low metabolic activity. Heavy metals, such as Cd and lead, can bind to the cell wall and become immobilized, thus, alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals. In the present study, large proportions of FI-Cd were observed in the leaves, stems, and roots of both cultivars. This demonstrated that Cd compartmentalization in cell walls is an important method of Cd detoxification in sweet potato. Similarly, the cell walls of the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola also play a crucial role in Cd storage, as lower etherification in pectin enables more efficient binding of divalent and trivalent metal ions with increased free carboxyl groups (Peng et al. 2017). In addition, the cell wall has many negatively charged sites in its components of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and protein components, which can bind Cd ions and restrict their transport across the membrane (Fu et al. 2011). In general, the concentrations of FI-Cd in the leaves and stems were lower in N88 than in X16, but the proportions of FI-Cd were higher in N88 than in X16, especially in the T2 treatment. These results indicated that N88 had a greater ability to retain Cd within the cell walls. As most Cd accumulated in the edible roots of sweet potato is transported the shoots (Xin et al. 2017a), Cd immobilization within the cell walls of leaves and stems decreases Cd migration and subsequent translocation to edible roots via the phloem. This might explain why the Cd translocation from shoots to edible roots was lower in N88 than in X16 in our previous study (Xin et al. 2017a).