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Nanoplasmonic Biosensors
Published in Grunwald Peter, Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology, 2017
Bruno P. Crulhas, Caroline R. Basso, Valber A. Pedrosa
Usually, single-cell techniques are utilized to verify gene regulation, protein translocation, cell-to-cell interactions, cell fate (i.e., division, apoptosis), and diseases. Single-cell analysis techniques mostly rely on fluorescence systems to acquire live and real-time image from dynamic cellular processes (Spiller et al., 2010; Bakstad et al., 2012). Fluorescent compounds are cell permeable dyes or fluorescently modified proteins and firefly luciferase reporters. Despite, fluorescence being a robust tool for single-cell analysis, it still has major limitations: (1) sensitivity to photobleaching, which limits real-time experiments during prolonged processes (e.g., cell division and proliferation); (2) fluorescent probes commonly have overlapping emission spectra, which could decrease the number of monitored cellular processes at one time; and (3) fluorescence signal does not contain molecular vibration, limiting its use for studying specific molecular profile inside the cells or even cell-to-cell communication (Kang et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2013; Austin et al., 2013).
Programming cells to build tissues with synthetic biology
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
The phenomenon of cascades triggered by upstream kick-start occurs both at the level of single cells and at the level of multicellular systems. At the single-cell level, cell-fate reprogramming is one of such routines that is potentially very helpful for tissue design: overexpression of selected transcription factors leads to cells changing their differentiation state, for example, from fibroblasts to stem cells or from muscle to neurons (Takahashi and Yamanaka 2016). At the multicellular level, one spectacular example is given by metamorphosis, where a hormone trigger is able to start a complete reprogramming of organ structures, which is also a great example of the plasticity of tissue structure (Di Cara and King-Jones 2013).
Application of Nanoscale Materials for Regenerative Engineering of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Published in Yusuf Khan, Cato T. Laurencin, Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Arijit Bhattacharjee, Garima Lohiya, Aman Mahajan, M. Sriram, Dhirendra S. Katti
Cell fate processes like cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation depend on nanotopography and microenvironment of substrate that provide external cues, which, in turn, direct cell signaling and gene expression. There are numerous studies that have investigated the impact of nanotube diameter, length, alignment, and surface density of nanotube networks on cell behavior. A recent study demonstrated that cells attached more on TiO2 nanotubes grown on nanograined substrates than on coarse grained substrates; however, cell spreading on these nanotubes was relatively lower due to space inhibition mechanism [49]. In another study, Brammer et al. investigated cell migration on nanostructured nanotube surface and flat nanotube surface. The results showed enhanced cell migration and actin filament formation on nanostructured surface when compared to flat nanotube [54]. In another study, it was observed that the addition of halloysite nanotubes to alginate or chitosan hydrogels created a cell supportive environment for mesenchymal stem cells and pre-osteoblasts to proliferate and differentiate [55]. Furthermore, the alignment in CNT networks allows hMSCs to recognize individual CNTs in CNT network which further allows control over growth direction and differentiation of hMSCs compared to the random networks of nanotubes. The hMSCs on aligned CNT network allowed enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to hMSCs on random CNT network. The study also showed that the surface density of aligned nanotube networks significantly influenced cell alignment [56]. Similarly, MSC proliferation, motility, and differentiation have been shown to be influenced by the diameter of nanotubes. In this regard, Park et al. investigated the effect of nanotube diameter on the differentiation of MSCs. The results from the study revealed that MSCs showed enhanced differentiation into osteoclasts on nanotube with the diameter of 15 nm than nanotube with the diameter of 100 nm [57]. Another study observed that nanotube diameter of 70 nm is optimal for osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells [58]. Therefore, nanotubes can be used in the modification of scaffolding systems to enable enhanced cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of tissue-specific matrix for functional regeneration of musculoskeletal tissue.
Electrospun polysaccharide scaffolds: wound healing and stem cell differentiation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Preethi G. U., Unnikrishnan B. S., Sreekutty J., Archana M. G., Deepa Mohan, Raveendran Pillai K., Sreelekha T. T.
Several natural and synthetic materials with various properties are used for scaffold preparation. The advantage of using natural resources is due to their intrinsic property of biological recognition, degradation, and compatibility. Synthetic materials have advantages such as tailored degradability, tunable mechanical strength, and flexibility to introduce other components having attractive properties to make the desirable composite scaffold. Polysaccharides have an advantage over other macromolecules in that they are abundant, readily available from renewable sources, and mimic physicochemical properties similar to that of native ECM. As a result, polysaccharides can be used in clinical practice and experimental medicine for a wide range of applications, including tissue engineering, cellular immobilization, diagnostics, and drug delivery [2]. Other than the application level studies, we need to look into the mechanisms happening behind the process. Some literature shows that the scaffolds based on their surface morphology and architecture can modify the cell fate especially in the case of multipotent stem cells. Several nanotopography based studies are undergoing to conclude surface topography and stem cell differentiation. Technically this property is termed mechanotransduction [3, 4]. This can be used to tailor the stem cell fate for favorable outcomes for biomedical applications.