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Nanomaterials in Chemotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
P. K. Hashim, Anjaneyulu Dirisala
A separate category is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) appended liposomes, which recognize specific receptor proteins on the cell membrane and translocate via endocytosis or a direct pathway through the cell membrane [97]. CPPs such as trans-activator of transcription protein, octa-arginine (R8), and amphipathic model peptide are handy and showed their potential for target recognition and delivery when appended on the liposomes [98–100]. In most of the cases, the targeting ligands are directly conjugated on a lipid, while a spacer PEG is utilized in some other cases. For instance, Biswas et al. conjugated an R8 peptide to PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine and then insert it into the DOX-loaded PEGylated liposome by using a special lipid insertion technique [101]. This liposome having both PEG and targeting R8 peptides effectively suppressed the tumor growth in a lung tumor xenograft in mice [102].
Applications of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Gliomas
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Gerardo Caruso, Elena Fazzari, Salvator M. Cardali, Maria Caffo
Among non-invasive strategies, the most widely used strategies foresee chemical or biochemical modifications of drugs (conjugation with specific antibodies) or, more recently, the use of NPs, which have the ability to cross the BBB after intravenous administration without its disruption [35]. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are peptides formed by a few basic amino acids that are able to transport within cells small and large molecules, such as plasmids, nucleic acids, liposomes and NPs [34]. In addition to enhancing the internalization of the NPs, they have the ability to allow the passage of many drugs through the BBB. The mechanism used is not certain, but several studies have demonstrated that the most widespread one is endocytosis.
Introduction and Rationale for Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Fredika M. Robertson, Mauro Ferrari
In addition to serving as cancer drug delivery systems, liposomes have been shown to be an effective means for delivery of other agents such as genes and antisense oligonucleotides, and would allow access of such entities as small interfering RNA.13,17 As an example, peptides such as cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used to modify liposomes, allowing them to be used as a means for intracellular drug delivery and delivery of proteins such as antibodies and genes, as well as providing a window for cellular imaging.17
The emergence of nanoporous materials in lung cancer therapy
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Deepika Radhakrishnan, Shan Mohanan, Goeun Choi, Jin-Ho Choy, Steffi Tiburcius, Hoang Trung Trinh, Shankar Bolan, Nikki Verrills, Pradeep Tanwar, Ajay Karakoti, Ajayan Vinu
Tumour site penetration with the drug delivery carrier system is the most problematic task, especially in relation to organic nanoparticles. Administration of liposomes was explored by immobilizing the drug triptolide (diterpenoid epoxide) into the liposomes functionalised with dual ligands. The dual ligands functionalised on the surface were anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (anti-CA IX) and CPP33 (tumour lineage-homing cell-penetrating peptide, with a sequence of RLWMRWYSPRTRAYG). MTT assay showed that the triptolide loaded liposomes modified with dual ligands has a higher toxicity than the bare liposomes without modification. The results were confirmed in both the 2D cell lines and in 3D tumour spheroids [264]. Octreotide molecule is another targeting agent that mimics the natural somatostatin and enables the liposomes to easily bind with the surface receptors on cancer cells as well as escape the macrophage degradation. The octreotide functionalised liposomes were loaded with the drug epirubicin with an encapsulation efficiency of 97.8%. The survival rate of lung metastatised cells treated with peptide modified liposomes was reduced significantly than normal epirubicin encapsulated liposomes [265]. Cao et al. designed macrophage membrane coated and emtansine loaded liposomes with high expression of α4β1 integrin for specifically targeting the metastatised lung tumours from the breast cancer cells [266]. These macrophage membrane coated liposomes were able to bind to the overexpressed 4T1 sites on the metastasised tumour cells and specifically target the same.
Triptolide laden reduced graphene oxide transdermal hydrogel to manage knee arthritis: in vitro and in vivo studies
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Binghua Guo, Feng Qiao, Yonghua Liao, Lianjin Song, Jinlong He
In previous studies, Gu et al. formulated triptolide loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for transdermal drug delivery to treat arthritis [27]. Tian et al. used hydroxyl derivative of triptolide and improved the transdermal permeability using cell penetrating peptide arginine [28]. Chen et al. used microemulsion system to deliver triptolide via transdermal route [17]. Mei et al. developed triptolide laden solid lipid nanoparticles and noted promising results in animal studies [29]. The current paper is the first attempt to formulate a novel triptolide-loaded Pluronic® F68-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel for transdermal drug delivery to control the release of triptolide for rheumatoid arthritis. The prepared triptolide-P-rGO hydrogel was investigated for parameters, such as viscosity, pH, texture, drug content, ex vivo, and pharmacokinetic studies. The Freund’s adjuvant induced anti-rheumatoid efficacy model were used to investigate the efficacy of the prepared triptolide P-rGO hydrogel.
Recent advances in multifunctional dendrimer-based nanoprobes for breast cancer theranostics
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Chadar, Rahul Shukla, Gaurav K. Jain, Geeta Aggarwal, Mohammed A.S. Abourehab, Amirhossein Sahebkar
While discussing on the pathophysiology of BC, we have mentioned that overexpression of EFGR in BC cells is associated with the potential and aggressiveness of TNBC [109, 110]. There are many studies available in the literature in which researchers explored EFGR as a target for the TNBC treatments [111]. In this context, Liu et al had designed a dual functional system for the targeted delivery of DOX, where the PEGylated G5-PAMAM dendrimer was conjugated with EGFR-binding peptide 1 (EBP1) for targeting EGFR receptor and a cell-penetrating peptide, trans-activating transcriptional (TAT) activator. The hydrodynamic diameter of this system was reported to be 44.43 nm which was the ideal size for targeting tumor cells. Zeta potential results showed the values to be around +5.4 mV and +6.2 mV and +29.7 mV for PAMAM –PEG, PAMAM-PEG-EBP1-TAT and G5 PAMAM dendrimer, respectively [112]. The exhibited decrease in zeta potential is due to the shielding effect of PEG, which would ultimately lead to decreased toxicity of the carrier [76, 81, 113]. However, slightly increase in positive charge of PAMAM-PEG-EBP1-TAT was reported when compared to the PAMAM-PEG, which was attributed to the surface charge of the TAT peptide. Slight increased positive charge might increase cellular uptake of the formulation by the negatively charged cancer cells. Loading ability and encapsulation efficiency of DOX in this formulation were reported to be 2.0% and 61.8%, respectively. The drug release rate was found to be much higher at pathological pH of cancer microenvironment (pH-5.5) when compared to physiological pH (7.4). This dual-functional dendrimer reported significant improved therapeutic efficiency of DOX due to enhancement in targeting and penetration effect of EBP-1 and TAT peptides.Moreover, due to PEGylation systemic toxicity of DOX was also seen to be reduced in the reported formulation [112, 114]. Hence, all of these reported results evidenced towards targeting EGFR receptor in the treatment of TNBC for superior outcome.