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Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from Marine Macroalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, David W. Morton
However, there is still substantial controversy about their safety and potential health risks associated with human consumption. Some studies have provided evidence to show that carrageenan is highly inflammatory and toxic to the digestive tract. However, the specific mechanism by which carrageenan induces inflammation in experimental animal models is not clearly defined. Carrageenan has been demonstrated to decrease the amount of epithelial glycoproteins in the colon (Al-Suhail et al. 1984). Rabbits fed with a 1% aqueous solution of degraded carrageenan developed a progressive colitis, characterized by severe inflammation and mucosal ulceration after 5 days. Further experiments revealed that carrageenan (especially kappa-carrageenan), is capable of inhibiting the interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes (Chong and Parish 1985).
Pharmaceutical Applications of Carrageenan
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
A. Papagiannopoulos, S. Pispas
Carrageenan is often used as an agent of controlled inflammation in tissues for the evaluation of natural and synthetic pharmaceutical compounds. The injection into the air-pouch of rat back demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of Cynodon daktylon. The plant extract acted against acute inflammation and increased angiogenesis. Hence C. dactylon was proposed as a potential angiogenic compound based on the enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (Soraya et al., 2015). The activity of Eunicella singularis extract against inflammation in reference to acetylsalicylate of lysine was tested by paw edema induced by carrageenan. The rat paw edema development caused by carrageenan is related to the acute phase inflammation events interceded by histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins that are produced under the influence of cyclooxygenase-2. The authors concluded (Deghrigue et al., 2014) that E. singularis activity was possibly due to blocking the cyclooxygenase-2.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
In 2012, The Cornucopia Institute unearthed a vast body of scientific literature, spanning four decades, pointing to serious harmful health effects from consuming an additive common in food marketed as organic and natural. Carrageenan, the science revealed, contributes to intestinal inflammation, ulcerations in the colon, and even colon cancer in laboratory animals. Derived from seaweed, carrageenan is used as a thickener and stabilizer in many types of foods.477
Evaluation of the properties on carrageenan bio-films with Chlorella vulgaris blending
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
N. H. Mat Yasin, N. A. Othman, F. Adam
Carrageenan is one type of polysaccharide that can be extracted from a specific red seaweeds species. It formed by alternate units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-galactose with β-1,4-glycosidic linkage. Carrageenan structure is hold by strong hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces (Adam et al. 2020) where the breakage of these bonds will modify the properties of the carrageenan. There are three main fraction of carrageenan which are kappa (κ), iota (ι), and lambda (λ). Out of these three fractions, κ-carrageenan has the ability to form gels and membrane with better mechanical properties compared to the other two. The gelling property of κ-carrageenan is attributed by the negative charge of sulfate group. κ-carrageenan gel is very stable at room temperature and it is thermal reversible where it can be re-melted in range of 5–20 °C (Hezaveh and Muhamad 2012). Since κ-carrageenan is known to have good characteristic of being biocompatible, environmental friendly and strong gelling forming ability, κ-carrageenan has been applied in several researches in developing bioplastic film from carrageenan. However, carrageenan-based films alone have very poor mechanical and barrier properties due to the high hydrophilicity characteristic of the carrageenan. Application of carrageenan as sources of the production of bioplastic has been received quite an attention. Bio-films with carrageenan possessed several drawbacks that needed to be encountered including highly hydrophilicity, brittleness and water and oxygen permeability (Kassab et al. 2019).
Bioinks—materials used in printing cells in designed 3D forms
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Dilara Goksu Tamay, Nesrin Hasirci
Carrageenan is a water-soluble anionic polysaccharide derived from the red algae by alkali extraction. There are different carrageenans as kappa, iota, and lambda forms having different sulfate groups. The first two forms hydrogels by undergoing sol–gel transition in the presence of cations. They can also form polyelectrolytes with positively charged polymers such as chitosan and commonly used as drug delivery devices [185]. Mechanical properties of carrageenan hydrogels are not high, and they are brittle. This can be overcome by combining carrageenan with other polymers [186,187], or by modifying it by adding anionic groups such as hydroxyl, acetyl, carboxmethyl etc. [188,189]. Carrageenan can also be used to enhance the printability of other polymers. For example, cell-laden carrageenan added alginate hydrogels were prepared by adding different amounts of carrageen and printed by extrusion [190].
Molecular recognition of isovanillin crosslinked carrageenan biocomposite for drug delivery application
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Fatmawati Adam, Mohd Aiman Hamdan, Siti Hana Abu Bakar, Mashitah Mohd Yusoff, Rajan Jose
Carrageenan has an interesting pharmacological property, namely inhibition of hepatitis A viruses (Girond et al. 1991). Additionally, the structure of 3,6-anhydro group promotes helices formation that connects two molecular chains to form a three-dimensional structure (Sherry Ku et al. 2010). These functional groups would induce swelling of carrageenan when in contact with water; therefore, carrageenan is used as hydrogel, shell of microcapsules, beads, and wound dressing medium (Boateng et al. 2015; Briones and Sato 2010; Hezaveh and Muhamad 2013a; Meena et al. 2009; Zepon et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2015). The swelling of carrageenan adversely affects its disintegrability in water, which is an important property for applications such as drug delivery. One of the potential remedies include crosslinking carrageenan with a suitable molecular entity. Crosslinking is a process of forming chemical interaction or covalent bonds formed by reactions to join two polymer chains together (Jenkins et al. 1996). There are two type of crosslinkers namely chemical and physical. In fact, the application of both the carrageenan and chemical-crosslinked carrageenan hydrogel can swell up to 35 h (Hezaveh and Muhamad 2013b). Chemical crosslinking increases the swelling ability of the carrageenan, instead of just disintegrating. Therefore, to promote the disintegration of the carrageenan biocomposite to be digestible by human body and degradable in the environment, the development of physically crosslinked carrageenan matrix has been an active area of research.