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Internet of Things with Machine Learning-Based Smart Cardiovascular Disease Classifier for Healthcare in Secure Platform
Published in Ankan Bhattacharya, Bappadittya Roy, Samarendra Nath Sur, Saurav Mallik, Subhasis Dasgupta, Internet of Things and Data Mining for Modern Engineering and Healthcare Applications, 2023
Sima Das, Jaya Das, Subrata Modak, Kaushik Mazumdar
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) belongs to a class of diseases that concern the blood vessels or heart. CVD comprises myocardial and angina infarction (commonly known as a heart attack), also called coronary artery disease (CAD). Strokes and heart attacks are usually acute events, and these are primarily caused by a blockage that obstructs the blood flow to the heart or brain. The general reason is the deposit of fat build-up on the blood vessel's inner walls which supply the blood to the brain or heart. Strokes can occur by bleeding in the brain from blood clots or from a blood vessel. Other CVDs include heart failure (sometimes known as congestive heart failure, which occurs if blood pumping by the heart is not as good as it should), cardiomyopathy, thromboembolic disease, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms, rheumatic heart disease (a bacteria-caused, mainly streptococcal-induced, damage to heart valves and muscles of the heart by a fever called rheumatic fever), congenital heart disease (defects from birth that impact the natural functioning and development of the heart caused by the impairment of structure of the heart), venous thrombosis, valvular heart disease, peripheral artery disease (a blood vessels disease which is the medium to supply blood to the legs and arms), carditis, and aortic aneurysms.
Miscellaneous application of chemometrics
Published in Madhusree Kundu, Palash Kumar Kundu, Seshu Kumar Damarla, Chemometric Monitoring: Product Quality Assessment, Process Fault Detection, and Applications, 2017
Madhusree Kundu, Palash Kumar Kundu, Seshu Kumar Damarla
If the PR interval is greater than 0.2 s, then we call it a first-degree block. All the waves will still be present; there will just be a gap between the P wave and QRS complex. A first-degree heart block is not in itself very important: it can be a sign of coronary artery disease, acute rheumatic carditis, digoxin toxicity, or electrolyte disturbance. A second-degree heart block reveals an intermittent absence of QRS complexes, which indicates a blockage somewhere between the AV nodes and the ventricles. There are three types of this particular phenomenon: Mobitz type 2 phenomenon: There is a regular rhythm, and a fairly constant PR interval, but a consistent absence of QRS (basically for every QRS, there are two or three P waves).Wenckebach phenomenon (Mobitz type 1): Progressive lengthening of the PR interval followed by an absence of the QRS, then a shortened PR interval and normal QRS, and the cycle repeats. The cycle is variable in length.R-R interval shortens with the lengthening of the PR interval.
Oxidative Stress as a Detrimental Factor in Various Clinical Pathology
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Priyanka Saha, Anupam Das Talukdar, Rajat Nath
CVDs are the diseases associated with blood vessels and heart. Myocardial infarction and angina caused in result of coronary artery disease are also includes under the CVD. Other CVDs include heart failure, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, heart arrhythmia, rheumatic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, carditis, thromboembolic disease, aortic aneurysms, and venous thrombosis (Frijhoff et al., 2015; Skibska and Goraca, 2015). High blood pressure, obesity, aging, and insulin resistance are concomitant with the development of CVDs, and all these aspects are associated with metabolic syndrome. CVDs are the foremost cause of death world widely. CVD give rise to 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990 (He and Zuo, 2015;Niemann et al., 2017). Deaths due to CVD are more frequent and have been growing in much of the under developing countries. Stroke and coronary artery disease excuses 75% of CVD deaths in females and 80% of CVD deaths in males. It has been widely verified that oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of CVDs (Santilli et al., 2015). Various studies have revealed that progression of CVDs occurs mainly due to ROS and inflammation. NADPH oxidase, XOX, NOS, ROS, and NOS-mediated oxidative stress are directly related to Dyslipidaemia, T2D, Hypertension, Sympathetic activation, and so many other pathophysiological disorders (Santilli et al., 2015; Niemann et al., 2017). These diseases are indirectly or directly related to inflammation in various cells, which are related to blood vessels and heart. Inflammation to those cells leads to several kinds of CVDs. This is reinforced and supported by the fact that several threats such as diabetes mellitus, aging, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are responsible for CVDs, and unavoidably lead to augmented generation of ROS, causing in oxidative stress. Moreover, tenacious oxidative stress can encourage disturb blood flow, inflammation, and remodel arterial wall structures, leading to CVDs (Espinosa-Diez et al., 2015; Münzel et al., 2015). In complex syndrome of heart failure as well as cardiac muscle dysfunctions, proinflammatory cytokines are also involved. Inflammation is the main factor in all phases of coronary disease including the initiation and progression of thrombosis (Robson et al., 2018), plaque rupture (Siti et al., 2015), atherosclerotic plaque especially in recurrent thrombosis; oxidative stress is the main culprit who plays a major roles (Figure 9.4).
Cholesterol removal from human plasma with biologically modified cryogels
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Gizem Uzunoğlu, Duygu Çimen, Nilay Bereli, Kemal Çetin, Adil Denizli
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases involving both the heart and blood vessels, therefore, including myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, aortic aneurysms, carditis and so on [1–3]. Studies show that there is a correlation between serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular diseases [4–6]. According to clinical and epidemiological investigations, the risk of CVD is directly related with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) while it is inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) [7–9]. One of the CVDs caused by high levels of LDL-C and triglycerides is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory process including the vascular walls [10]. Lipid-lowering drugs are used to reduce elevated blood levels of LDL-C in patients with atherosclerosis [11]. However, the efficiency of these drugs is limited and they might cause liver injury [12]. In addition, familial hypercholesterolemia is not sufficiently treated with lipid-lowering drugs [12]. Therefore, new biotechnological and biomedical improvements have been gaining importance in removal of LDL-C from blood plasma.