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Industrial Prospects of Bacterial Microcompartment Technologies
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Shagun Rastogi, Chiranjit Chowdhury
The three types of MCPs are well studied and those are: carboxysomes, ethanolamine utilization (Eut) and 1,2-propanediol utilization (Pdu) MCPs. Carboxysomes are used for autotrophic carbon fixation. Whereas, the Eut and Pdu MCPs are involved in the coenzyme B12-dependent catabolism of ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), respectively (Kerfeld et al., 2010; Chowdhury et al., 2014). Carboxysomes are mostly found in cyanobacteria that use the Calvin cycle for CO2 fixation (Bobik, 2006; Rae et al., 2013). The carboxysome enhances the productivity of RuBisCO by raising the local concentration of CO2 at the vicinity of the enzyme and restrict the outward diffusion of CO2 (Price et al., 2008) (Figure 10.3). On the other hand, ethanolamine and 1,2-PD metabolism occur in a number of enteric pathogens, including Klebsiella, Salmonella, Clostridium, and some strains of E. coli (Figure 10.3).
Biofuel and Biochemical Production by Photosynthetic Organisms
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
RubisCO is subject to low carboxylation efficiency and competitive inhibition of oxygen. The carboxylation reaction of RubisCO is confined in the carboxysome of cyanobacteria to avoid the competing oxygenase reaction (Zarzycki et al. 2013, Burnap et al. 2015). As for carboxylation, CO2 is first transported to plasma membrane in the form of bicarbonate by bicarbonate transporter, and then converted to CO2 by carboxylic anhydrase (CA), where CO2 is finally carboxylated by RubisCO in the carboxysome (Zarzycki et al., 2013). This indicates that overexpression or enhancement of both RubisCO and CA in carboxysome may contribute to the increase in CO2 fixation in cyanobacteria (Zhou et al., 2016). In fact, introduction of an extra bicarbonate transporter resulted in the increased cell growth (Kamennaya et al. 2015), and also the overexpression of CA resulted in the increase in the heterotrophic CO2 fixation in E. coli (Gong et al. 2015).
Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Improving Sensing and Imaging Spectroscopy
Published in Kaushik Pal, Nanomaterials for Spectroscopic Applications, 2021
Janti Qar, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Tasnim Al-Zanati, Mazhar S. Al Zoubi, Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh, Poonam Negi, Gaurav Gupta, Dinesh M. Pardhi, Kamal Dua, Murtaza M. Tambuwala
The first bacterial organelles to conduct these roles were carboxysomes. As defined in 1973, carboxysomes have a cross-sectional length of 100–150 nm, and a protein coat of 6–10 specific protein. They include RuBisCo and carbohydrase enzymes for autotrophic CO2 fixation in bacteria. A specific carboxysomes sub-unit consists of 90 amino acids, with α/β-fold. In 1994, the smallest carboxysomes, a protein-based organelle of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga Maritima, were identified as “linocins,” measuring 20 to 24 nm in diameter. These forms in protein have been renamed encapsulins [25].
Arthrospira sp. mediated bioremediation of gray water in ceramic membrane based photobioreactor: process optimization by response surface methodology
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Shritama Mukhopadhyay, Animesh Jana, Sourja Ghosh, Swachchha Majumdar, Tapan Kumar Ghosh
pH regulates the activity of different enzymes involved in photosynthesis and also plays a major role in the optimum growth of microalgal species and carbon uptake by the cells (Butler et al.2017). pH of the wastewater was 6.83 initially but reduced to 6.02 on CO2 purging (Figure 2b). pH increased after inoculation of microalgae due to the consumption of CO2 for the process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. The maximum pH increase was up to 8.23 between 7 and 9 days of culture. Continuous CO2 supply at 48 h interval and subsequent CO2 absorption by the microalgal cells resulted in a slow increase in pH which became stable after 10 days. Following cellular CO2 uptake, a high cytosolic HCO3− pool is generated (via inorganic carbon transporters and CO2-converting complexes on plasma and thylakoid membranes), which is utilized thereafter by the carboxysomes encapsulating RuBisCo (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) (Long et al.2018). More the conversion of HCO3− into CO2 in the carboxysome, more H+ ions are consumed and ultimately CO2 is fixed by RuBisCo during photosynthesis. This creates OH− ions in the cells, which are neutralized by H+ uptake from the extracellular environment, thereby reducing the concentration of H+ ions in the culture medium rendering it pH-neutral (Price et al.2008). The final pH of the photobioreactor system was around 7.61 at the end of 10 days which paves the way for reutilization of the wastewater for beneficial purposes. Changes in culture pH to neutrality (5.9–9.0) after microalgal growth were also noticed by Zhang et al. (2014), Ajayan et al. (2015, 2018), and Ugya et al. (2021).