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Whole Body Vibration, Cognition, and the Brain
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Eddy A. van der Zee, Marelle Heesterbeek, Oliver Tucha, Anselm B. M. Fuermaier, Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen
Next to changes in the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, several WBV-specific findings indicate that the sensations caused by WBV are processed in various regions of the brain. Immunocytochemically examinations of the brains showed that mice in the passive WBV group had an increase in Glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) immunoreactivity throughout the brain, but most prominently in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (Lahr et al., 2009). Additionally, strongly significant increases in c-fos protein expression, a brain marker for neuronal activity, were found in brain areas involved in sensorimotor and learning/memory functions. These measures were done two hours after the last WBV session (the time point c-fos protein expression is highest upon a stimulus, followed by a gradual degradation of the protein), compared to pseudo-WBV. The strongest changes were found in the striatum, hippocampus (but much less so in the CD1 mouse than the B6 mouse), motor cortex and parts of the cerebellum. It must be noted that c-fos expression revealed a specific pattern in the brain, with several brain regions unaffected by WBV such as the biological clock. Moreover, as expected c-fos expression was back to low baseline values one day after the last WBV session, showing that the increase was a direct response to the WBV session (Van der Zee et al., 2012). The poorer c-fos response in the hippocampus of the CD1 mouse is in line with the behavioral observation that WBV is not able to improve hippocampus-dependent learning and memory performance in this strain.
Biological Effects of Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Stanislav I. Alekseev, Marvin C. Ziskin
A group of scientists led by Korneva studied the potential of mm waves to stimulate the cutaneous nerve endings of rats using a c-fos immunoreactivity method (Novikova et al., 2002). This method is based on the response of various hypothalamic structures to external stimulation by increased c-fos gene expression, an accepted marker of the activated neurons. Exposure of different parts of the rat body to 42.2 GHz at an output power of 20 mW resulted in activation of hypothalamic neurons. The electrical pain stimulation (EPS) and noxious mechanical stimulation (NMS) increased c-fos gene expression while combined exposure to EPS and mm waves or NMS and mm waves decreased the number of activated neurons (Novikova et al., 2002, 2008a). Millimeter wave irradiation produced a modifying effect consisting of a reduction in the degree of activation of hypothalamic cells evoked by pain stimulations. Moreover, the painful electrical stimulation of the hind limbs of rats caused a reorganization of the central mechanisms that regulate splenic NK cell activity, resulting in a decrease of their cytotoxicity. Millimeter wave exposure protected NK cell activity from the impairment induced by EPS (Shanin et al., 2005). The publications listed above do not provide an adequate assessment of the exposure intensity. However, exposure in the near field of a horn antenna with an output power of 20 mW might be able for the mm waves to thermally activate neurons.
Chemical Carcinogenesis in Skin: Causation, Mechanism, and Role of Oncogenes
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
In addition, Yuspa and colleagues102 recently showed that both Ha-ras and fos oncogenes are necessary to produce the malignant phenotype in epidermal cells. Their study clearly links the fos oncogene with malignant conversion, and suggests that since fos acts as a transcriptional regulator of other genes,102 malignant conversion may be an indirect consequence of the overexpression of the fos-encoded protein leading to a change in the expression of fos-controlled cellular genes. Hashimoto et al.103 examined the gene expression associated with multistage development of tumors using two- and three-stage models in female CD-1 mice. These investigators have suggested that the regulatory machinery for transcription by PKC-mediated pathway through nuclear oncogenes is altered during the process of tumor promotion and tumor progression, and that genes whose expression is elevated may be associated directly or indirectly with tumor promotion and progression.
Ozone ultrafine bubble water induces the cellular signaling involved in oxidative stress responses in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Anongwee Leewananthawet, Shinichi Arakawa, Tokuju Okano, Ryo Daitoku Kinoshita, Hiroshi Ashida, Yuichi Izumi, Toshihiko Suzuki
AP-1, a family of dimeric transcription factors, including c-Jun and c-Fos, activates the transcription of downstream gene expressions by translocating from the cytoplasm to the nuclei upon stimulation by oxidative stress. Since the p38 MAPK signaling cascade is involved in AP-1 activation by H2O2 [14], we examined the localization of c-Fos after treatment with OUFBW. The strong fluorescence signal of c-Fos in the nuclei was detected in the cells treated with OUFBW as well as PMA, but not in those exposed to inactive OUFBW (Figure 4(a)). Quantified analysis of the nuclear localization of c-Fos supported the results (Figure 4(c)), suggesting the activation of c-Fos by the ozone in OUFBW. The Nrf2-mediated pathway is the major regulator of cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress [16]. Also, activation of MAPK pathways induces antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene expression via an Nrf2-dependent mechanism [17]. Oxidative stress stabilizes Nrf2 by preventing association with inhibitor protein Keap1, followed by translocation of Nrf2 into the nuclei [16]. Therefore, we next examined the cellular location of Nrf2 after treatment with OUFBW. Similar to the case of c-Fos, Nrf2 was translocated into the nuclei of the cells treated with OUFBW (Figure 4(b,d)). Taken together, these data suggest that the ozone in OUFBW stimulates cell signaling via c-Fos or Nrf2 in the hPDLFs.