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Evaluation and Outlook
Published in Javier Adrián Sánchez Guillén, Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal from Low Concentrated Effluents, 2017
With reference to these survival strategies, van der Star et al. (2008) found in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) with Anammox bacteria living as suspended free cells, nitrogen influent concentrations of 1680 mg-NO2−-N/L and 1400–1680 mg-NH4+-N/L and an HRT of 2 days that a shift in the Anammox population occurred from Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. This outcome was explained by the fact that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis has a lower nitrite apparent half-saturation constant (Km: 0.2–3 µM) than Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans (Km: <5 µM). Also Kartal et al. (2012) obtained the same result. In terms of the dominant Anammox population developing in the SBR, while applying an ultra low nitrogen sludge loading rate (NSLR) (Chapter 3), we expected the dominance of a species with the lowest possible half saturation constant. However, despite the fact that the Anammox SBR was operated under nitrite and ammonium limitation applying a long SRT, there was no population shift in the Anammox species, i.e. the Candidatus Brocadia fulgida remained as the dominant species for more than 1000 days. Lotti et al. (2014) reported a nitrite half-saturation constant of 2.5 µM in a free cells culture with an enriched level of 98 ± 1% for Candidatus Brocadia fulgida. This value for the nitrite half-saturation constant is lower than other values reported for Anammox species (Puyol et al., 2013), but it might be not low enough compared to the range reported for Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (0.2–3 µM). Additional research concerning the dominance of Candidatus Brocadia fulgida over other Anammox species at very low NSLR is recommended.
Reduction of methane emission from landfills by its microbial oxidation in filter bed
Published in Małgorzata Pawłowska, Lucjan Pawłowski, Management of Pollutant Emission from Landfills and Sludge, 2014
Małgorzata Pawłowska, Lucjan Pawłowski
The ANAMMOX process (acronym for: ANaerobic AMMonia OXidation) was first discovered in a wastewater treatment plant in Delft, The Netherlands, and today anammox activity has been reported from several other treatment plants (Strous et al., 1999; Schmid et al., 2000; Egli et al., 2001). Recently the process has also been shown to occur in nature, in marine sediment and anoxic water columns (Thamdrup & Dalsgaard, 2002; Dalsgaard et al. 2003; Rysgaard et al., 2004). Anammox is carried out by lithoautotrophic bacteria belonging to the order Planctomycetales, including Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis identified by the Fluorescent in situ Hybridisation method (FISH) (Egli et al., 2001; Jetten et al., 2001). The biodiversity of Anammox bacteria was extended by the discovery of the genus Scalindua (Schmid et al., 2003). Two species were found: Candidatus Scalindua brodae and Scalindua wagneri. The genus Scalindua has been also detected in the marine ecosystems of the Black Sea and Candidua was named Scalindua sorokinii (Kuypers et al., 2003). Very recently, Anammox bacteria were found in the leachate of a landfill For this purpose, it has been possible to apply several novel tools, including FISH, dot-blot rRNA hibridization, and 16S rDNA clone library construction (Egli et al., 2003). The Anammox process converts ammonium directly into dinitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, with nitrite as an electron-acceptor in the absence of any organic C-source. The stoichiometry of the process can be summarized by the equation without cell synthesis (van Dongen et al., 2001a; Constantine et al., 2005) or with cell synthesis (van Dongen et al., 2001a;Fux,2003) respectively:
Research advances in anammox granular sludge: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Mabruk Adams, Junxiang Xie, Arthur wendinso Judicael Kabore, Yaofeng Chang, Jiawei Xie, Menglei Guo, Chongjun Chen
To a large extent, the dominant anammox bacteria in the anammox process is determined by the prevailing pH. In anammox systems operating between pH range of 7.8 and 8, “Candidatus Brocadia Anammoxidans” (Chen, Ji et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2011; Third et al., 2005; Van Der Star et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2012) and Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (Dapena-Mora, Campos et al., 2004; Van Der Star et al., 2008) were identified as the predominant species (He et al., 2015) whereas at pH 6.8-7 Brocadia Anammoxidans and “Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus” were the dominant species in the enrichment from aerobic granules and leachate sludge, respectively (Ni et al., 2010). Thus, for efficient nitrogen removal, operating parameters such as temperature and pH need to be controlled at appropriate levels.
Effect of increasing salinity to adapted and non-adapted Anammox biofilms
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Steffen Engelbrecht, Mohammad Mozooni, Kristina Rathsack, Jörg Böllmann, Marion Martienssen
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was carried out as described by Amann et al. [27]. For detection of bacteria, probe EUB338 I (5′-GCT GCC TCC CGT AGG AGT-3′) [27] was applied. Three Anammox-specific probes were used, addressing the Anammox bacteria Candidatus K. stuttgartiensis (KST157; 5′-GTTCCGATTGCTCGAAAC-3′) [28], Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans (Ban162; 5′-CGGTAGCCCCAATTGCTT-3′) [29] and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida (BFU613; 5`-GGATGCCGTTCTTCCGTTAAGCGG-3´) [30]. For nitrifying bacteria, the probes NSO1225 (5′-CGCCAT TGTATTACGTGTGA-3′), NSV443 (5′-CCG TGA CCG TTT CGT TCC G-3′), NSM156 (5′-TATTAGCACATC TTTCGAT-3′) (all modified from [31]) and NIT3 (5′-CCTGTGCTCCATGCTCCG-3′) (modified from [32]) were applied. DAPI (4′,6-Diamidin-2-phenylindol) was applied to stain the DNA. Image acquisition was performed using an epifluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse LV100 Pol, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) and evaluated with the software NIS-Elements BR 3.10 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
A nitrogen removal system to limit water exchange for recirculating freshwater aquarium using DHS–USB reactor
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Nur Adlin, Norihisa Matsuura, Yuki Ohta, Yuga Hirakata, Shinya Maki, Masashi Hatamoto, Takashi Yamaguchi
Nitrospira sp. like bacteria, a nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) including Nitrospira moscoviensis was detected in the DHS reactor. N. moscoviensis favored low salinity water and grew best at temperatures between 28°C and 30°C, making them frequently detected in breeding systems associated with carp and goldfish [23,24]. A decrease in the Nitrospira detection rate was observed from 2.4% (day 64) to 0.4% (day 86) (Figure 4). In contrast, Planctomycetes increased from 6.3% (day 64) to 14% on day 86. Pirelulla and Planctomyces species belonging to Planctomycetes were often associated with algae bloom [25,26]. Therefore, algae bloom in the aquaria during summer might have accompanied Planctomycetes growth. On day 163, Nitrospira increased to 0.7%, whereas Planctomycetes decreased to 9.2%. The decrease of Planctomycetes was likely due to the need for algae, which was scarce in winter. Freshwater anammox-related Planctomycetales such as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensiss were not detected despite the availability of anaerobic condition inside of the DHS sponges [27]. This was because water quality parameters for aquaria and aquaculture systems, such as ammonia concentrations and organic loadings, were too low, providing unsuitable growth condition for anammox-related Planctomycetales to grow in the system [28]. Nonetheless, Nitrospira played the major role in nitrite oxidation in DHS reactor efficiently and maintain low NO2− concentrations at the detection limit of 0.01 mg N L−1.