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Fragrance Finishing on Textile Substrate for Odour Control
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Thillaipandian Hemamalini, Venkateshwarapuram Rengaswami Giri Dev
Body odour communicates nonverbal signals as the bacteria present in the body utilize sweat to produce malodour. The origin for the odour from the human body includes the breath, sweat, urine and faecal matter, blood, and underlying diseases. The quality of the breath depends on the exogenous and endogenous condition as the exogenous condition includes the smell inhaled from the environment, such as cigarette smoke, whereas the endogenous system includes the smell produced by humans' own system, such as gas released from the lungs to the environment. The other factors, such as urine, faecal matter, and blood, release the malodour due to complex volatile compounds released through the metabolic pathway, which can be used for the diagnosis of the diseases (Shirasu and Touhara 2011). Sweat is the major source of odour production in the human body, caused due to a thermophysiological condition. Eccrine and apocrine are the sweat glands present throughout the human body, especially with a high density of glands in the palms, soles, and armpits. Eccrine glands are responsible for the production of a watery substance to maintain the thermal comfort of humans, whereas the apocrine glands are found near the armpit and axillary region and produce viscous sweat, which produces malodour. The composition of sweat in the eccrine gland includes 99% water and other substances such as amino acids, ions, lactic acid, glycerol, urea, peptides and proteins. The amino acid secreted through the sweat of a healthy human leads to odour formation as the bacteria breaks the protein structure into volatile compounds (Baker 2019). Brevibacterium linens and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the bacteria responsible for the production of body odour as it breaks methionine into methanethiol and leucine into isovaleric acid at the feet. Socks and shoes therefore have bad odour. The bacteria, namely Propionibacterium acnes, Pityrosporum folliculitis, and Acne vulgaris, are more prone to cause inflammation, resulting in skin infection (Ara et al. 2006). Micrococcaceae family, aerobic diphtheroid (mainly Corynebacterium), anaerobic diphtheroid (Propionibacterium), and yeast (Pityrosporum) are the bacteria responsible for inflammation on the skin caused in the region of the apocrine glands, whereas Corynebacteria, Stapphylococci, and Propionibacteria are responsible for the production of odour from the eccrine glands. The bacteria found on the skin are responsible for the breakdown of metabolites, thereby causing malodour (Jha 2017; Kanlayavattanakul and Lourith 2011).
Isolation and Characterization of Human Foot Crack–Associated Bacterium, Pseudomonas Otitidis, and Its Biological Propensity
Published in Smart Science, 2019
Govindasamy Balasubramani, Kathiravan Induja, Dilipkumar Aiswarya, Paramasivam Deepak, Dhayalan Arul, Mathialagan Kavitha, Vadivelu Amutha, Pachiappan Perumal
Cracks and fissures break the skin. Cracks are caused by result of skin that is too dry or too moist and over pressure. When skin is too dry, it can become rough and flaky. The warm moist environment between the toes particularly under little one is a perfect position for growth of some specialized bacteria, there are very few reports on bacterial identification [1]. Moist skin can result from not drying feet after bathing from excess sweat; overly moist skin can encourage bacteria and fungus to grow [2]. Cracked heels are seen often in the elderly and females more frequently than males. The problems worse during cold climatic conditions. The cracks and fissures serve as a portal of entry for bacteria. They are associated with an increased risk of cellulitis and foot ulceration that if left unchecked can eventually lead to amputation [3]. Certain health conditions can increase susceptibility to foot infections. The most well-known example of this is diabetes, which in some cases can lead to slow or nonhealing wounds of the feet. These wounds have the potential to become infected, increasing the risk of hospitalization and the need for limb amputation. Diverse bacteria, including micrococci and coryneforms, have been shown to be present as part of the skin microflora [4]. Micrococcaceae and coryneform bacteria such as Brevibacterium linens, including strains found on the foot, have been shown to produce a variety of methylated sulfur compounds from the breakdown of amino acids and other compounds in dead skin cells.