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Coronavirus
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
Most of the coronaviruses find their ways to spread to susceptible hosts by respiratory or fecal-oral routes of infection, where the replication process first occurs in epithelial cells. Some of the coronaviruses replicate principally in respiratory epithelial cells like HCoV OC43, HCoV 229E and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCoV); these produce more virions and cause local respiratory symptoms. Other coronaviruses, including Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV), Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (PHEV), Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) and Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECoV), and some enteric strains of MHV are known to infect epithelial cells of the enteric tract. Some of these viruses, such as TGEV, cause diarrhea as a result of an infection that is severe and sometimes proves to be fatal for young animals. These enteric infections in adult animals maintain the virus in the population [56]. Along with the localized infections of the respiratory or enteric tracts, several coronaviruses are also known to cause severe diseases in their respective hosts, for example, SARS-CoV spreads from the upper airway to cause a severe lower respiratory tract infection; PHEV of swine is known to cause enteric infection but is also found to be neurotropic [57]. Birds have proven to be a rich source of new viruses. It has also been proposed that bats and birds are ideally suited as reservoirs for the incubation and evolution of coronaviruses, owing to their common ability to fly and their propensity to roost and lock [14].
Recommendations for the use of metagenomics for routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance in wastewater and impacted aquatic environments
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Benjamin C. Davis, Connor Brown, Suraj Gupta, Jeannette Calarco, Krista Liguori, Erin Milligan, Valerie J. Harwood, Amy Pruden, Ishi Keenum
Because no DNA extraction approach is 100% efficient or unbiased, DNA extraction methodologies should be consistent across sample sets intended to be compared by metagenomics. This can be challenging when seeking to compare metagenomic data across published studies, especially as DNA extraction kits and procedures continue to evolve. At a minimum, DNA extraction method and protocol versions need to be reported in associated metadata so that they can be accounted for in any future meta-analyses. Ideally, positive controls such as sample processing controls (mock community processed as separate sample) or internal standards (exogenous whole-cells, DNA or RNA added to a sample matrix) should be included to identify potential biases in the extraction. These can also be used for the identification of biases in sample concentration and bioinformatic analyses. Process controls were almost entirely absent from workflows reported in the identified literature (Fig. 2 and Table S4). Generally, process controls are comprised of known mixtures of organisms with varying susceptibility to common lysis methods (e.g., Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria) and thus serve to assess the efficiency of the DNA extraction method and give insights into the representativeness and reproducibility of NGS workflows. Process controls are standard practice in many fields of molecular biology, the most recent example being the inclusion of Bovine Coronavirus as a surrogate RNA extraction control in the wastewater monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 (Natarajan et al., 2021).
Study of ozone misting for sanitization of hospital facilities: A CFD approach
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
Ionatan Anton Schroer, Janice da Silva, Bethania Brochier, Paulo Ricardo Santos da Silva, Suse Botelho da Silva, Éverton Hansen
Some studies evaluating the dispersion of gaseous ozone in ambient air have already been carried out. The use of CFD simulation to analyze ozone dispersion within a hospital triage environment has been tested by de Souza et al. (2021). Ozone was generated for 10 minutes by two dispersers in the center of the room, reaching the maximum average concentration of 21.7 ppm. The study recommended an average concentration of 10 ppm for 30 min, to obtain a good sanitization of the environment. According to the results of the CFD analysis, if a higher number of separated dispersers were used, the ozone distribution would be more homogeneous. The effectiveness of an autonomous system for sanitization was also evaluated by Franke et al. (2021), while observing the efficiency of gaseous ozone with high relative humidity for two Sars-Cov-2 substitutes (the bovine coronavirus and the Pseudomonas phi6 virus). The results (both for collection points close to the floor and for high points) presented total virus inactivation in the recommended process time (60 min). The sanitization of passenger cars of a train was also studied (Falcó et al. 2021) by injecting a large amount of ozone in a pulse. A concentration above 100 ppm was quickly obtained. This phenomenon was well represented by the CFD simulation, with the possibility to verify the points with the lowest ozone concentrations.
Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ka Yan Man, Ka Lai Chow, Yu Bon Man, Wing Yin Mo, Ming Hung Wong
Charcoal has a long history of use in treating digestive disorders such as diarrhea, not only in humans but also in livestock (O’Toole et al., 2016). From the end of 19th to the early 20th century, feeding a regular dosage of charcoal was widely used to improve animal health and growth performance. Activated charcoal has been administered to relieve a range of different digestive problems in various animals including colic in horses (Edmunds et al., 2016), flatulence in dogs (Giffard, Collins, Stoodley, Butterwick, & Batt, 2001) and ingested toxins in horses (Kaye, Elliott, & Jalim, 2012). It is regarded as a universal poison antidote and has been used in time-restricted medications against bacterial toxins such as those produced by Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Campylobacter jejuni in chickens (Prasai et al., 2016), as well as against viral animal diseases such as bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus in vitro (Toth & Dou, 2016).