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Bioaerosols in Animal Houses
Published in Christopher S. Cox, Christopher M. Wathes, Bioaerosols Handbook, 2020
The main constituents of bioaerosols in animal houses are whole cells and fragments of the air spora (viruses, bacteria, fungal spores, etc.) and non-specific, organic and inorganic dusts. A complete quantitative and qualitative analysis is only necessary for category II diseases (Table 20.2). For these environmental diseases of farm livestock that have a multifactorial etiology, analysis of the particulate and gaseous composition of the animal house air is also necessary because certain irritant or noxious pollutants, such as dusts and ammonia, may also act synergistically with bioaerosols in exacerbating or provoking respiratory diseases.41 For example Robertson et al,71 have demonstrated a strong association between poor air hygiene in the farrowing and first-stage weaner houses and the severity of atrophic rhinitis in young pigs and suggest that the mass or number of inspirable dust particles and airborne bacteria may compromise the local defenses of the upper respiratory tract, thereby facilitating colonization by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, DNA-interaction, molecular docking and DFT studies of novel di- and tri-organotin(IV) carboxylates using 3-(3-nitrophenyl)2-methylpropenoic acid
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Muhammad Tariq, Rabbia Khan, Ajaz Hussain, Atia Batool, Faiz Rasool, Muhammad Yar, Kurshid Ayub, Muhammad Sirajuddin, Faizan Ullah, Saqib Ali, Arusa Akhtar, Samia Kausar, Ataf Ali Altaf
In vitro biological screening was employed to determine the effectiveness of HL and organotin(IV) carboxylates 1-3 against bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica belonging to Gram-negative bacteria (Figure S5(B)). The same study against Gram-positive strains of bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus was also conducted. Agar well-diffusion was used for evaluation of antibacterial potential [15]. The solvent used during the experiment was DMSO. Cefixime and Roxyithromycin were employed as + ve control and DMSO as -ve control. Consequently, the zone of inhibition for the synthesized complexes 1-3 was measured to evaluate their potential as antibacterial agents [29]. According to results presented in Table 2(A), it was found that the synthesized complexes showed significant antibacterial potential. Moreover, the activity of complexes was more pronounced than that of HL. The mechanisms behind the killing of microbes may include cellular wall impairment, Tweedy’s chelation theory and enzyme inhibition of microorganisms, but the precise mechanism is still not known [30, 31]. The polar character of the central metal moiety could be minimized through chelation that may lead to a shift of electron density towards benzene ring or sharing of partial positive charge by the donor groups [1]. The lipophilic character of central metal ion enhanced through chelation is quite helpful in diffusion of drug through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane. Such type of antibacterial agents is very helpful in deactivation of cellular enzymes which regulate membrane pathway [29].
Therapeutical potential of metal complexes of quinoxaline derivatives: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Chrisant William Kayogolo, Maheswara Rao Vegi, Bajarang Bali Lal Srivastava, Mtabazi Geofrey Sahini
Abu-Youssef and colleagues [50] synthesized Ag(I) quinoxaline nitrate (54 in Figure 24) and characterized it by X-ray crystallography. The complex was then evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against twelve bacterial species, gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella sonnie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and one fungal species (Candida albicans). The results showed the complex to exhibit substantial antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 4 μgcm‒3) whereas lower activity was recorded for Salmonella typhi and Sarcina lutea (MIC = 4 μgcm‒3) and weak activity for Micrococcus luteus and Proteus mirabilis (MIC = 16 μgcm‒3). The weakest activities of 54 were for the Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus, Candida albicans (MIC = 16 μgcm‒3). The remaining bacterial strains seemed to be resistant against the complex (MIC = 128‒256 μgcm‒3). Though substantial activity was presented by 54, it performed better than and in some cases poorer than the activity of the [Ag(R-othf)2]n (R-othf = (R)-(‒)-5-oxo-2-tetrahydrofurancarboxylic acid), the most active antimicrobial Ag(I) complex currently available [50] with MIC values of 7.9, 62.6 and 15.7 μgcm‒3 for E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis, respectively [51].