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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Tensions of gases in the blood are now measured routinely. This process is referred to as blood gas analysis and indicates the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and also measures the pH of the blood. These measurements provide valuable information about disease processes and the effects of treatment.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Tensions of gases in the blood are now measured routinely. This process is referred to as blood gas analysis and indicates the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and also measures the pH of the blood. These measurements provide valuable information about disease processes and the effects of treatment.
Drug-induced pulmonary oedema and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Teofilo Lee-Chiong, Richard A Matthay
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis commonly reveals the presence of arterial hypoxaemia, hypocapnia or hypercapnia, metabolic acidosis, and an increased alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient (P (A-a)O2). Pulmonary function testing may disclose mildly decreased diffusing capacity.
Hearables, in-ear sensing devices for bio-signal acquisition: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Colver Ken Howe Ne, Jameel Muzaffar, Aakash Amlani, Manohar Bance
SpO2 is a percentage estimate of arterial blood oxygen saturation. The gold standard measurement for this parameter is the arterial blood gas analysis, which is both invasive and painful for the subject. In most clinical settings it is measured through pulse oximetry, which utilizes PPG techniques for measurement [36]. In this case, 2 wavelengths are used simultaneously (red light 660 nm and infrared light, 880–940 nm) and the ratio of absorbance of both wavelengths enables an estimation of blood oxygen saturation due to differential absorption of infrared light by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin [37]. There are two methods to detect this – transmittance and reflectance oximetry. The transmittance method directly measures light transmitted through tissue and is typically used peripherally such as the finger. The reflectance method detects the backscatter of light using a sensor placed adjacent to the emitter [38]. The main advantage of the reflectance method is that unlike transmittance, it is not restricted to peripheral sites where tissue is thin. This is important because such peripheral body sites are affected by hypothermia and vasoconstriction that can impair accuracy of SpO2 readings [38]. In terms of hearables, this also enables recording from sites like the ear canal which as mentioned above has the advantage of greater stability.
The effect of β-alanine supplementation on high intensity cycling capacity in normoxia and hypoxia
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Kiran Akshay Patel, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Craig Sale, Ruth M James
The reliability of a CCT110% was assessed by B. Saunders et al. (2013) who showed the test to be a reliable measurement of performance in recreationally active males (CV of 4.43% for TTE) and suited to a nutritional intervention study. In the current study, the tests were performed in an environmental chamber (WIR52-20HS, Design Environmental Ltd., Gwent, Wales, U.K), in both normoxic (20.9% O2, 50% humidity and 18°C) and hypoxic conditions (15.5% O2, 50% humidity and 18°C). Participants first rested in the chamber for 10 min before carrying out a 5 min warm-up working at 60% of age predicted max heart rate. The CCT110% began by first starting at 80% for 15s, followed by 95% for 15s and finally reaching 110%, which was then maintained until exhaustion, again defined as when a participant could no longer cycle above 60rpm. Heart rate (HR; Polar heart rate monitor, Kempele, Finland) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg, 1982) were recorded every minute of the test and immediately upon completion. Finger prick capillary blood samples (70 µL) were taken at rest (before the warm-up), immediately after and 5 min after the CCT110% and analysed for blood pH, blood lactate concentration, base excess and bicarbonate (HCO3−), using a blood gas analyser (ABL FLEX 90, Radiometer, Ireland).
Management of out-of hospital cardiac arrest patients with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 2021
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Christopher Gaisendrees, Matias Vollmer, Sebastian G Walter, Ilija Djordjevic, Kaveh Eghbalzadeh, Süreyya Kaya, Ahmed Elderia, Borko Ivanov, Stephen Gerfer, Elmar Kuhn, Anton Sabashnikov, Heike a Kahlert, Antje C Deppe, Axel Kröner, Navid Mader, Thorsten Wahlers
Patients on VA-ECMO require close cardiorespiratory monitoring to ensure adequate end-organ perfusion. Monitoring should include hemodynamic monitoring with continuous mean arterial pressure measurements by cannulating the right brachial or radial artery electrocardiography, peripheral oxygen saturation, and repeated arterial blood gas analysis to ensure adequate gas exchange. Following OHCA, these strategies do not differ significantly from postoperative VA – ECMO implantation. Details are beyond the scope of this article and discussed elsewhere in detail [41]. In patients undergoing eCPR, two aspects need to be addressed in-depth: neuromonitoring and monitoring of coagulation.