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Theory of the Liquid and Solid Films Rupture
Published in Eli Ruckenstein, Gersh Berim, Wetting Theory, 2018
The outermost layer of the tear film (located at the tear—air interface) is made up of low polarity waxy and cholesteryl esters (24). This superficial lipid layer is about 1000 Å thick in a normal eye (7a). The amount of high polarity lipids like triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids is negligible in a normal eye (25). The following two distinct types of lipid abnormalities are identified to affect the BUT adversely: A complete absence of the lipid layer may occur if either the lipid-secreting meibomian gland openings are absent or these glands are destroyed. The occurrence of this condition is, however, very rare (7a).An alteration in the chemical composition and the consequent high surface activity of the eye lipids, such as that seen in the case of chronic blepharitis and facial skin infections like acne rosacea, leads to a marked decrease in BUT (26,27). A significant amount of polar lipids, viz., free fatty acids and triglycerides, are present in such instances.
High frequency of digital eye strain and dry eye disease in teleworkers during the coronavirus disease (2019) pandemic
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Daniela Salinas-Toro, Cristian Cartes, Christian Segovia, Maria Jesus Alonso, Begoña Soberon, Maritza Sepulveda, Claudia Zapata, Patricio Yañez, Leonidas Traipe, Claudia Goya, Patricia Flores, Daniela Lopez, Remigio Lopez
Regarding severe DED symptoms, we found an association between highly symptomatic patients and female gender, previous refractive surgery, rosacea, previous DED diagnosis, keratoconus, allergic conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Other factors such as stress, familiar dynamics and lock-down psychological effects were not evaluated since they were not part of the aim of the study. Nonetheless, depression was associated with a severe DEQ-5 score, making it possible that the high prevalence of mental alteration during the COVID-19 pandemic could have played a role in the symptomatology [35–37]. We believe this could add valuable information so that we may be aware that some groups may be more likely to experience a worsening of their previous ocular condition, and this information could also be used to give grounds for the necessary focus on education programs to try to mitigate the effect of screen overuse.
Formulation development, optimization, and in vitro assessment of thermoresponsive ophthalmic pluronic F127-chitosan in situ tacrolimus gel
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Deepika Modi, Musarrat H. Warsi, Vaidehi Garg, Meenakshi Bhatia, Prashant Kesharwani, Gaurav K. Jain
Tacrolimus (TCS) is an immunosuppressive drug used to treat various ocular diseases like allograft corneal rejection, Mooren’s ulcer, allergic conjunctivitis, immunogenic inflammatory ocular surface diseases [4, 5], posterior uveitis (intraocular inflammation) [6, 7], and refractory posterior blepharitis [8] when applied topically. Due to serious side effects associated with systemic administration, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, weight loss, hyperglycemia, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction, topical administration of TCS is preferred [4]. Clinical studies have revealed that immunological rejection after corneal and limbal grafting can be inhibited by topical delivery of TCS [9]. Some of the clinically approved formulations of tacrolimus currently available in the market are Protopic ointment (0.1%, 0.3%, Fujisawa, Munich, Germany) for treating atopic dermatitis, which can also be used for atopic eyelid disease [10], Talymus ophthalmic suspension (0.1%, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) for severe allergic conjunctivitis [11] and Talimus ointment (0.1%, Ajanta Pharmaceuticals, India) for eczema as well as atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis [12].