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Biopesticides and the Toolbox Approach to Pest Management
Published in James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill, Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, 2022
James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill
Pesticides may be defined as chemicals (or mixtures of chemicals) used to restrict or repel pests such as insects, weeds, fungi, nematodes, and other organisms that adversely affect food production, ecosystem function, or human health. Pesticides may also be toxic contaminants in our food supply and environment (air, water, soil), and responsible for illness or injury to people and wildlife. Biopesticides are attracting interest as alternatives to conventional pesticides, but without many of the nontarget effects, by offering improved safety in pest control practices. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the current status and future promise of biopesticides, including in China and other developing agricultural economies, and how biopesticides use may increase the safety and sustainability of the food supply.
Biotechnology and Its Significance in Environmental Protection
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
R. Sivashankar, A.B. Sathya, K. Vasantharaj, R. Nithya, V. Sivasubramanian
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Biopesticides may also be defined as biochemical pesticides that are naturally occurring substances that control pests by nontoxic mechanisms. Biopesticides are living organisms (natural enemies) or their products (phytochemicals, microbial products) or byproducts (semichemicals) that can be used to manage pests that are injurious to plants. Biopesticides have an important role in crop protection, although they are most commonly used in combination with other tools, including chemical pesticides as part of biointensive integrated pest management. Biopesticides, or biological pesticides, pose less threat to the environment and to the health of humans because they are targeted specifically to a single pathogenic pest. These include biofungicides (Trichoderma), bioherbicides (Phytophthora), and bioinsecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt]). The potential benefits to agriculture and public health programs through the use of biopesticides are considerable.
Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: A Holistic Approach for Sustainable Agriculture
Published in Prasenjit Mondal, Ajay K. Dalai, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, 2017
P. Balasubramanian, P. Karthickumar
Biopesticides are pesticides derived from either animals, plants, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. These biobased control agents are advantageous because of their inherently less harmful nature in comparison to chemical pesticides and are thus considered to be ecofriendly and safe. Further, these biopesticides are more target-specific than chemical pesticides, that is, they affect only the target pests and their close relatives. On the contrary, chemical pesticides often destroy beneficial insects as well and thereby harm the ecosystem. Due to their high target specificity and nonpersistent and rapid decomposition nature, the development of resistance in the particular pest is also reduced to a great extent. The frequency and quantum of biopesticides required on the farm are relatively small. Moreover, the yield and quality are enriched along with better social acceptability. They are also highly suited for economically deprived rural areas. This has led to an upsurge in economic benefits of these farm products because of the enhancement of product quality and, thereby, increase in export businesses and related activities.
Biopesticide formulations of karanj and castor oil using soapnut
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Kartiki B. Jadhav, Mrunal Ghag Sawant, Trupti Satvekar, Jayashree M. Nagarkar
Pavela and Benelli discussed various aspects of ecofriendly botanical pesticide prepared from essential oils. These biopesticides have high effectiveness against a wide range of pests and diseases of agricultural and medical importance.[16] The effect of a blend of essential oils regarding mosquito repellence is understood by finding the effective repellent constituent present in the essential oils. It is important for guiding research to develop newer, safe repellent for controlling transmission of mosquito-borne diseases[17] and also for a new strategy or formulation against vector born insects.[18] Larvicidal efficacy of seed oil of neem, karanj (individually and in combination) and pine were studied against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.[19] The study on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito species, showed that these oils showed a larvicidal effect, combination of neem and karanj oil cakes,[20] have a better effect than the individual treatments.[21] Various edible and nonedible oils are formulated by using artificial surfactants which are applied for pesticidal activity.[22–26]
Trade-off between economic, environmental and social objectives in pesticide supply chains
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2023
Shiyuan Zhang, Fengru Long, Fu Jia, Xiao-Xue Zheng
Nowadays, pesticide supply chains are facing great challenges from the domains of economy, environment and society because the abuse of pesticides has led to a series of environmental pollution and food safety problems, causing social and environmental crises (Braga Marsola et al. 2021; Bregaglio et al. 2022). For example, most chemical pesticides are non-biodegradable and toxic threatening human health (Intisar et al. 2022; Huang et al. 2021; Yan et al. 2022) and making the pesticide supply chain unsustainable. In contrast, biopesticide is a mass-produced biologically based agent manufactured from a living microorganism or a natural product, which is gaining popularity in organic agriculture (Marrone 2019; Damalas and Koutroubas 2020; Huang et al. 2022). Compared to chemical pesticide, biopesticide has the advantages of environmental safety, target-specificity, efficacy, biodegradability and suitability in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes (Tsaur et al. 2020). Despite these advantages, the comprehensive usage of biopesticides in pesticide supply chain is still facing many challenges (Harris and Dent 2000), and the high price is the biggest one. For example, Spodoptera Litura, a biopesticide costs 3.76 USD per acre in contrast to costs 0.63 USD per acre of common chemical pesticides. The extravagant price results in the low level of farmers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for biopesticides such that pesticide supply chain still fails to achieve enough economic benefits for the pesticide manufacturers as well as their supply chain partners, resulting in their little incentive to produce and sell biopesticides (Gerhardson 2002; Chandler et al. 2011; Essiedu et al. 2020; Zheng et al. 2022).
Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus sp, isolated from entomopathogenic nematode and its antimicrobial and insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Balasubbiramaniyan Guru Bharathi, Kandhasamy Lalitha, Muthugounder Subramanian Shivakumar
Spodoptera litura is an important lepidopteran agricultural pest.[1] It is polyphagous and feeds on several types of crop plants,[2] which include tobacco, groundnut, chilies, cole crops, sunflower and cotton.[3] Chemical pesticides are used for reducing the damage caused by insect pests to crops.[4] Despite many benefits of synthetic pesticides, there are several undesirable effect on human health and environment.[5] Their extensive has resulted in development of insecticide resistance among insects S. litura.[6] Use of biopesticides of biological origin are thought to very important in pest control. Biopesticides developed from living organisms like plants, animals, and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa and nematodes are mainly used to control pest in the field of agriculture.[7] Entomopathogenic nematodes are naturally present in soil in large numbers. Bacterial metabolites are obligate parasites which infect and kill insects.[8,9] Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae families are used as biopesticides for insect control.[10] Bacteria from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus genera have mutualistic relationship with Steinernematids and Heterorhabditidae nematodes respectively.[9]Xenorhabdus sp. is a gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It exist in symbiotic relationship with the EPN Steinernema spp. They are widely associated with insect pathogenecity following infections with EPNs.[10]Xenorhabdus sp, are known to be highly effective in causing pathological conditions in host. This leads to host insect mortality, the insect mortality is thoughts to be caused by toxic metabolites produced by Xenorhabdus sp., hence in the present study Xenorhabdus sp., was used.