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Single-Chip Chemical and Biological Sensors
Published in John G. Webster, Halit Eren, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, 2017
Alireza Hassanzadeh, Robert G. Lindquist
Biosensors that include transducers based on integrated circuit are often referred as biochips. A biochip normally consists of array of biosensors that can be monitored individually and can be used for the analysis of multiple analyte. The interaction between the analyte and the bioreceptor is designed to produce a measurable effect. A transducer converts the measurable effect into a signal (usually electrical) that can be monitored and recorded. The most common biosensors include antibody/antigen interaction, nucleic acid interactions, enzymatic interactions, cellular interaction (microorganism, proteins), and interaction using biomimetic materials (synthetic bioreceptor). For transducers, conventional methods are optical measurement (luminescence, absorption, surface plasmon), electrochemical, and mass-sensitive measurement (surface acoustic waves, microbalance) [1]. In the next section, some of the reported methods used for on-chip transducers will be reviewed. The principle of operation of single-chip chemical and biological sensors will be introduced, and liquid crystal (LC) chemical and biological sensors as a special case will be discussed in detail.
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Published in P. Dakin John, G. W. Brown Robert, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Constantinos Pitris, Tuan Vo-Dinh, R. Eugene Goodson, Susie E. Goodson
The terms “biochip” and “microarray” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there are important differences in both the design and the concept behind each device. Biochip refers to a material or a substrate that has a two-dimensional array of probes for biochemical assays as well as appropriate measurement and/or recording circuitry [7]. Biochips imply both miniaturization, usually in microarray formats, and the possibility of low-cost mass production. They can be classified either by the nature of their probes or by the type of transducer used. If the probes are nucleic acids, the devices are called DNA biochips, DNA chips, genome chips, DNA microarrays, gene arrays, or genosensor arrays. If the probes consist of antibodies or proteins, the devices are referred to as protein chips or protein biochips. A recently developed system with both DNA and antibody probes on the same platform is referred to as a multifunctional biochip [8] (Figure 26.1).
Nanobiosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
What is the notion of a biochip? A biochip (biological microchip) can be considered to be the biological equivalent of a computer microchip or even a microchip that is able to interact with biomolecules (Tarakanov et al. 2010). However, instead of performing millions of mathematical operations, a biochip is intended to carry out thousands of biological interactions per minute, i.e., thousands of times faster in comparison with existing technologies. How are biochips superior to traditional devices? The main advantage of biochips over conventional analytical devices is the possibility of massive parallel analysis, while biochips are also smaller than conventional testing systems and highly economical in the use of specimens and reagents.
Design Automation and Testing of MEDA-Based Digital Microfluidic Biochips: A Brief Survey
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2020
Pampa Howladar, Pranab Roy, Hafizur Rahaman
However, certain limitations were oblivious in the current designs of DMFBs. These can be summed up in short as (i) specific limitations in the droplet size as it may restrict possible resizing in droplet volumes in a fine-grained way (ii) sensors are less integrated into real-time detection (iii) special fabrication process and the related reliability are essential. Concurrent and executions of multiple bioassays in a DMFB 2 D array requiring complex system integration as well as resource management are expected to result in an increase in design complexity to a large extent [7]. In addition to this, the integration of microelectronics with biochip technology is anticipated to grow fairly rapidly in the future. For example, a commercial chip embedded with 600,000 electrodes has been announced recently. This is based on one-to-one mapping concept (referred to as direct-addressing pin assignment) between electrodes and control pins. Implementing this concept on DMFBs may lead to high production cost, low reliability, problems in routing of interconnects as well as high fabrication cost [8]. Moreover, an increase in the number of control pins may result in an increase in the number of PCB layers.