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Published in Chad A. Mirkin, Spherical Nucleic Acids, 2020
C. Shad Thaxton, Robert Elghanian, Audrey D. Thomas, Savka I. Stoeva, Jae-Seung Lee, Norm D. Smith, Anthony J. Schaeffer, Helmut Klocker, Wolfgang Horninger, Georg Bartsch, Chad A. Mirkin
We obtained banked post radical prostatectomy serum samples collected prospectively from 18 men who had undergone surgery for clinically localized prostate cancer with curative intent. Patient characteristics, clinical data, and follow-up data are found in Table 84.1. All of the patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer through a PSA screening study for the early detection of prostate cancer [19]. The nonrecurrent men had persistently undetectable serum PSA levels when measured with conventional assays (see above). Nine of the men developed PSA evidence of recurrence (i.e., biochemical recurrence) defined as a postprostatectomy PSA value >0.2 ng/mL. The banked serum samples were provided from the Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University (H.K., W.H., and G.B.). The ethics committee at Innsbruck Medical University approved the use of the archival patient serum samples used in this study.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed imaging and radioguided surgery with single-photon emission computed tomography: state of the art and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Barbara Palumbo, Viviana Frantellizzi, Susanna Nuvoli, Giuseppe De Vincentis, Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy and one of the leading cancer-related causes of death worldwide [1]. Imaging with several molecular and metabolic probes has been increasingly applied for the staging and monitoring of PC patients after treatments [2]. In particular, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II membrane protein that is detected in small amounts in normal prostate tissue, but there is much higher expression in PC, has recently emerged as one of the most relevant PC-associated biomarkers [3]. Since PSMA extracellular domain exhibits enzymatic activity as a glutamate carboxypeptidase II, several efforts have been made to employ enzymatic inhibitors based on the lysine-urea-glutamate motif as PSMA-ligands. Some of these enzymatic inhibitors have been successfully labeled with radionuclides emitting energy suitable for the in vivo detection through positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) [4]. PSMA-PET has been found particularly useful for the imaging of PC biochemical recurrence (BCR). Moreover, the ‘ProPSMA’ clinical trial has recently shown that 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT has superior sensitivity and specificity than conventional imaging (bone scan and computed tomography) for the detection of high risk PC skeletal and lymph node metastases at staging, also meaningfully impacting on patients’ clinical management [5,6]. Furthermore, PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) with molecules labeled with radionuclides emitting beta or alpha particles has been implemented for the management of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) with encouraging results [7,8]. This approach entailing a couple of radiopharmaceuticals, with identical or similar characteristics, one labeled with a radionuclide suitable for imaging and the other capable to exert anti-tumoral effects is also known as ‘theranostic’ [9,10].