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Toxic Responses of the Blood
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The red blood cells, or erythrocytes, carry hemoglobin in the circulation. In mammals, they lose their nuclei before entering the circulation. In man, they survive in the circulation for an average of 120 days. The average normal red blood cell count is 5.4 × 106 cells/μL in men and 4.8 × 106 cells/μL in women. In contrast, there are normally 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells/μL of blood. Of these, the granulocyte, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most numerous. Most of the white blood cells contain neutrophilic granules (neutrophils), but a few contain granules that stain with acid dyes (eosinophil) and some have basophilic granules (basophil). The other two cell types found normally in peripheral blood are lymphocytes and monocytes. The platelets are small, granulated bodies and there are about 300,000/μL of circulating blood.
A History of Flow Cytometry and Sorting
Published in Frances S. Ligler, Jason S. Kim, The Microflow Cytometer, 2019
Ehrlich had established the principle of mixing acidic and basic dyes of different colors to stain blood leukocytes; this allowed him to distinguish three types of cells bearing cytoplasmic granules (which were therefore called granulocytes and also described as polymorphonuclear because their nuclei typically had multiple lobes) from mononuclear cells, later subclassified as lymphocytes (because they were the predominant cells in lymph) and monocytes. Granulocytes were described as basophilic, if they stained predominantly with the basic dye in the mixture, as acidophilic, if they stained predominantly with the acidic dye, and, because Ehrlich held the opinion that molecules of acidic and basic dyes combined to form a "neutral stain", as neutrophilic, if they stained with both dyes.
Lead Toxicity and Flavonoids
Published in Tanmoy Chakraborty, Lalita Ledwani, Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences, 2017
Amrish Chandra, Deepali Saxena
Ferrochelatase is the enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of iron into the porphyrin ring. If as a result of lead toxicity, the enzyme is inhibited and its pathway is interrupted, or if adequate iron is not available, zinc is substituted for iron, and zinc protoporphyrin concentration is increased.42 The critical target, however, seems to be the enzyme’s haem synthesis, essential for the insertion of iron into the precursor, protoporphyrin IX. The major consequences of this effect, which have been evaluated in both adults and children, are reduction of hemoglobin and the inhibition of cytochrome P450-dependent phase-I metabolism. Lead inhibits normal hemoprotein function in both respects, which results in basophilic stippling of erythrocytes related to clustering of ribosome and microcytosis. The threshold for this effect in children is approximately 15 µg/dL.38,43
Toxicological profile of bisphenol F via comprehensive and extensive toxicity evaluations following dermal exposure
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Sang-Sik Lee, Hyeon-Yeol Ryu, Kyu-Sup Ahn, Somin Lee, Jiho Lee, Jae Won Lee, Soo Min Ko, Woo-Chan Son
Histopathological testing showed multifocal inflammatory bronchioalveolar cell infiltrations in the lungs, and ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid glands of female rats. In male rats, multifocal mononuclear cell infiltrations were found in the liver. Further, localized focal basophilic tubules and localized focal mononuclear cell infiltrations were noted in the renal cortex and heart, respectively. Histopathological testing demonstrated mild mononuclear cell infiltration (liver and heart), basophilic tubules (kidneys, thyroid sac, periportal vacuolization, kidney sac, and pituitary coronary remnants), and inflammatory cell infiltration (lung bronchioles), as well as background lesions (Boorman et al. 1990) that did not differ significantly in frequency among the groups. Evidence indicated that BPF-related changes were not detected. Thus, our findings demonstrated that there were no marked toxicological changes following transdermal administration of BPF to rats for 4 weeks, followed by a recovery period of 14 days. Therefore, the NOAEL of BPF in this study was considered to be 1,000 mg/kg/day.
Evaluation of hemato-biochemical, antioxidant enzymes as biochemical biomarkers and genotoxic potential of glyphosate in freshwater fish (Labeo rohita)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2021
Abdul Ghaffar, Riaz Hussain, Noman Ahmad, Riaz Ghafoor, Muhammad Waseem Akram, Iahtasham Khan, Ahrar Khan
The reduction in hematological parameters like red blood cells, haemoglobin concentrations, lymphocyte, and monocyte cell counts could be due to the toxic effects of glyphosate on haematopoietic tissues. The lower values of red blood cells could also be due to erythrocyte destruction in blood-forming tissues, abnormal haeme synthesis, increase the production of free radicals, poor delivery of oxygen by gills, and dysfunction osmoregulatory tissues [61]. Comparable hematological findings in other fish species exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate have already been documented [62,63]. In contrast to hematological results of the present study, reduced white blood cells in fish exposed to glyphosate have been reported [64,65]. The increased increments in the number of white blood cells and neutrophil populations in the present study are suggestive of tissue damages due to increasing the stress-induced inflammatory response of fish. Moreover, increased the number of eosinophilic, monocytes, and basophilic lineage cells due to glyphosate have also been reported in fish [63].
Potential effect of Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract on the biochemical and histological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim, Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady, Gehan Ahmed Ismail, Saly Farouk Gheda
The pancreas is a mixed gland formed of exocrine and endocrine parts. The exocrine part includes the pancreatic acini which secrete enzymes and the endocrine part includes the islets of Langerhans which secrete pancreatic hormones. A histological investigation of the normal pancreas from the untreated normal control rats showed that acinar pancreatic cells comprise pyramidal shape including basal rounded nuclei. The head of each pyramidal cell holds acidophilic granules, and the basal portion is basophilic. The islets of Langerhans are rounded or oval, rich in blood capillaries, and distributed between acinar cells (Figure 4a). In the same direction, the pancreatic sections of normal rats treated with T. decurrens AE (300 and 150 mg/kg) showed most probably normal architecture of pancreas compared to untreated normal rats (Figure 4 b & Figure 4 c).