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Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The brain is supplied with blood from two sources. The bilateral internal carotid arteries arise from the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries in the neck and branch off to form the left and right anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which supply the forebrain. The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and come together at the level of the pons to form the midline basilar artery. The posterior cerebral, basilar and vertebral arteries supply the posterior circulation of the brain, comprising posterior cortex, the midbrain and the brainstem. Cerebellum is also supplied by dorsolateral arteries such as the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and superior cerebellar artery. An arterial ring called the circle of Willis connects the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation; thus, in the event of loss of blood supply to one area of the brain, it may be possible for blood to be supplied via a different arterial route.
Central nervous system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Most cerebral artery aneurysms are congenital ‘berry’ aneurysms. Berry aneurysms occur in 2 per cent of the population and are multiple in 10 per cent of cases. Increased incidence of berry aneurysms occurs in association with coarctation of the aorta and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Most berry aneurysms occur around the circle of Willis, the most common sites being:Anterior communicating arteryPosterior communicating arteryMiddle cerebral arteryBifurcation of internal carotid arteryTip of basilar artery.
Coanda Effect in a Human Body
Published in Noor A. Ahmed, Coanda Effect, 2019
The majority of the cerebral aneurysms are found to be in the anterior segment of the Circle of Willis, and can be found in three main arteries: the internal carotid artery, the middle cerebral artery, and the anterior cerebral artery. There are others in the basilar artery, vertebral basilar, posterior communicating artery, and cavernous carotid artery.
Neurovascular devices for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: emerging and future technologies
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
A retrospective, single-center study has been published in 2017 in 17 patients [37]. Aneurysms were located in the internal carotid artery (n = 3), the middle cerebral artery (n = 9), the anterior communicating artery (n = 3), and the basilar artery (n = 2). In the immediate post-treatment angiography, adequate occlusion (neck remnant or total occlusion) was observed in 16/17 (94.1%) of aneurysms. One patient experienced a transient ischemic attack. No permanent neurologic deficits were observed. 13/17 (76.5%) patients underwent short-term follow-up angiography after 3 months, all of which showed adequate occlusion of the aneurysm. The authors concluded that their limited data show nevertheless that stent-assisted coiling with the Barrel stent is a safe and effective option for the endovascular treatment of intracranial wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms.
The effect of ventricular volume increase in the amplitude of intracranial pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
João Apura, Jorge Tiago, Alexandra Bugalho de Moura, José Artur Lourenço, Adélia Sequeira
We will present an illustrative selection of the results obtained. Other numerical simulations were performed, including accounting for the CSF inflow on the membrane of the lateral ventricles. From the obtained results this assumption has proved to be negligible. As expected for complex biological systems, ventricular volume is not the only factor influencing ICP pulse amplitude. Nevertheless, we advocate that ventricular volume acts as an accommodation mechanism to vascular factors such as arterial pulse. Here, vascular factors are accounted through the basilar artery. As mentioned in Section 2.2, we have also considered both zero velocity (homogeneous Dirichlet condition) and a free outflow condition (homogeneous Neumann condition) at the exit of the fourth ventricle. As already discussed, differences in the pressure evaluation were shown to be negligible for a single impulse. However, for a higher number of cycle impulses, differences become non negligible, with ingoing and outgoing flow rate at the outflow section. The comparison of these two outflow conditions for case A can be observed in Figure 4.
Comprehensive, technology-based, team approach for a patient with locked-in syndrome: A case report of improved function & quality of life
Published in Assistive Technology, 2019
Keara McNair, Madeline Lutjen, Kara Langhamer, Jeremiah Nieves, Kimberly Hreha
A.R. is a 39 year-old attorney and active cyclist with a past medical history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He was admitted to an acute hospital with new-onset left-sided weakness, left facial droop, impaired vision, and slurred speech. The initial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed occlusions of the right vertebral artery and the basilar artery. He underwent mechanical thrombectomy and was intubated for airway protection. Repeat MRI of the brain revealed restricted diffusion within the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, pons, left hippocampus, and right thalamus consistent with an evolving area of infarction. Also seen on this MRI was superimposed susceptibility within the pons compatible with hemorrhagic transformation of the area of infarction, a new focus of restricted diffusion within the left posteromedial midbrain, a small amount of hemorrhage layering dependently within the lateral ventricles, and scattered subarachnoid hemorrhages within the interpeduncular cistern and cerebral sulci. He later underwent tracheostomy and gastrostomy placement. Once medically stabilized, he was transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility with a primary diagnosis of LIS.