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Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olawole O. Obembe, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, O. S. Aworunse, Nneka R. Agbakoba
The phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were more abundant in Type 1 diabetes subjects while Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes were more abundant in the control group (Brown et al., 2011). Giongo et al. (2011) reported that the autoimmune microbiome for T1DM might be quite different from that found in healthy children. While the microbiome of healthy children is richer, more diverse, and more stable, that of autoimmune children are less stable and less diverse. Reports also have it that while bacterial diversity increased in control subjects, it remained constant in T1DM cases, thereby indicating that an immunological response has taken place in autoimmune children, which might have reduced the microbial diversity in them. Reports showed that as children become autoimmune, there was a decline in the phylum Firmicutes as against the increase in phylum Bacteroidetes. The opposite was noticed among healthy children as Bacteroidetes decreased as against the Firmicutes that increased in abundance. Giongo et al. (2011) noted that in the phylum Bacteroidetes, the most prevalent species was Bacteroides ovatus, which contributed about a quarter of the entire constituents of the phylum in the T1DM subjects.
Guided dietary fibre intake as a means of directing short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Bacteroides species provide good examples of the differential use of a wide range of plant polysaccharides (plant glycans) for growth. They belong to the Bacteroidetes phylum whose members have the greatest capacity of gut bacteria to utilise complex carbohydrates (White et al. 2014). Thus, they tend to be generalists in that they can degrade a wide spectrum of glycans in contrast to the Firmicutes that tend to be specialists for a smaller set of polysaccharides. Bacteroidetes genomes encode large numbers of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes; glycosyl hydrolases [GHs] and polysaccharide lyases [PLs]), averaging 137 of this type of gene per genome compared to 39 in members of the phylum Firmicutes (El Kaoutari et al. 2013; Cockburn and Koropatkin 2016). The majority (81%) of Bacteroidetes GH and PL genes have signal sequences indicating that initial catabolism of dietary fibre occurs extracellularly/within the periplasm of the bacterial cell (El Kaoutari et al. 2013).