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Modeling and simulation of tissue load in the human spine
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
N. Arjmand, B. Bazrgari, A. Shirazi-Adl
Although low back pain (LBP) could originate from different musculoskeletal structures such as vertebrae, ligaments, facet joints, musculature, and disc annulus fibrosis, in most cases the exact cause of the symptoms remains, however, unknown (Diamond and Borenstein, 2006). In a large survey, lifting or bending episodes accounted for 33 per cent of all work-related causes of LBP (Damkot et al., 1984). Combination of lifting with lateral bending or twisting that occurs in asymmetric lifts has been identified as a frequent cause of back injury in the workplace (Andersson, 1981; Hoogendoorn et al., 2000; Kelsey et al., 1984; Marras et al., 1995; Troup et al., 1981; Varma and Porter, 1995). Among various work-related activities, lifting, awkward posture, and heavy physical work have strong relationship with lumbar musculoskeletal disorders (NIOSH, 1997). Lifting, therefore, is one of the major documented risk factors for LBDs (Burdorf and Sorock, 1997; Ferguson and Marras, 1997; Frank et al., 1996).
Ergonomics of Manual Handling—Part 1
Published in Waldemar Karwowski, Anna Szopa, Marcelo M. Soares, Handbook of Standards and Guidelines in Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2021
The activity may present a risk particularly of back injury if it entails one or more of the following requirements:Overfrequent or over-prolonged physical effort involving, especially, the spineAn insufficient bodily rest or recovery periodExcessive lifting, lowering, or carrying distancesA rate of work imposed by a process that cannot be altered by the worker
Ergonomics
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Surviving an OSHA Audit, 2020
Training involves recognition of the dangers of manual lifting, how to avoid unnecessary stress, and assessment of what a person can handle safely. Our experience has demonstrated that companies that provide back safety training report a significant decrease in back injuries. The best back injury prevention safety training includes training designed to help employees understand how to lift, bend, reach, stand, walk, and sit safely. Table 19.1 lists recommendations for lifting techniques from various sources.
Multi-objective optimization for two-dimensional maximum weight lifting prediction considering dynamic strength
Published in Engineering Optimization, 2021
Yujiang Xiang, Jazmin Cruz, Rahid Zaman, James Yang
Lower back injury during lifting is one of the major musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace. Simulation-based biomechanical models have helped in advancing knowledge of lifting biomechanics and are important tools for assessing injury risks while lifting, as shown in the OpenSim® multi-degree-of-freedom musculoskeletal lifting model (Christophy et al.2012) and the Anybody ergonomic lifting model (Stambolian, Eltoukhy, and Asfour 2016). The musculoskeletal model can reveal a great deal of information about muscle force, activation and lumbar spine stress, but it is computationally heavy. In this study, a dynamic-joint-strength-based two-dimensional (2D) skeletal lifting model is developed to evaluate injury risk in the joint space. The skeletal model is used to predict the maximum lifting weight governed by the dynamic joint torque limits, which are functions of joint angle and angular velocity (Xiang et al.2019). The dynamic joint strengths for major joints are obtained from the literature through isometric and isokinetic strength tests (Frey-Law et al.2012; Looft 2014; Hussain and Frey-Law 2016). In this study, the ratio of the joint torque to the dynamic joint strength represents injury risk in the joint space. The proposed skeletal model is computationally efficient and close to real-time implementation.