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The History of Bioelectromagnetism
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Tsukasa Shigemitsu, Bioelectromagnetism, 2022
Tsukasa Shigemitsu, Shoogo Ueno, Masamichi Kato
In 1952, Paul Maurice Zoll (1911–1999), an American cardiologist, performed cardiac pacing with modern equipment. The intensity and duration of the electrical pulses could be carefully controlled by electronic technology (Rowbottom and Susskind, 1984). So, he is the pioneer in the development of the artificial cardiac pacemaker and cardiac defibrillator. Back in 1899, Jean-Louis Prevost (1838–1927), a Swiss physiologist, from the University of Geneva, and Frédéric Battelli (1867–1941), an Italian physiologist, reported first about cardiac defibrillation. They showed that death from electric shock was caused by massive fibrillary contractions, and tested the induction of ventricular fibrillation on dogs using low voltage electric shocks. On the other hand, high-voltage electric shocks did not induce ventricular fibrillation. William Bennet Kouwenhoven (1886–1975), electrical engineer, professor at Johns Hopkins University, invented the original type of today’s external defibrillator. During his student days, in the 1930s, his interest was in the relationship between electric shocks and its effects on the human heart. This led to the invention of the defibrillator. His defibrillator was first used by Claude Beck (1894–1971), professor of Surgery at Case Western Reserve University in 1947 and nominee for the Nobel Prize in 1952. He contributed to the innovation of various cardiac surgery techniques. During the 1960s–1970s, Kouwenhoven evaluated and documented the human health effect of linemen exposed to electric field generated from high voltage transmission lines.
The Three Generations of DDoS
Published in Rocky Dr. Termanini, The Nano Age of Digital Immunity Infrastructure Fundamentals and Applications, 2018
We can say that any physical implants (tissues or artificial objects) inserted in a person’s body makes that person a cyborg! In a typical example, a human with an artificial cardiac pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator would be considered a cyborg (short for cybernetics and organism). These devices measure voltage potentials in the body, perform signal processing, and can deliver electrical stimuli, using this synthetic feedback mechanism to keep the person alive.
SWOT Analysis of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS)
Published in G.R. Karpagam, B. Vinoth Kumar, J. Uma Maheswari, Xiao-Zhi Gao, Smart Cyber Physical Systems, 2020
The following sectors are expected to benefit significantly through technology advances in CPS. Transportation. In the automotive industry, CPS technologies promise to greatly reduce the annual death toll from accidents, caused by human error, through early detection and prevention of accidents by smart sensors deployed in the automobiles. CPS also promises to play a significant role in an effective traffic management system. Some airspaces in United States are already piloting the use of CPS for air safety and the avoidance of air traffic congestion. The large amounts of data stored also enables the creation of several smart applications for passenger navigation, flight status and estimated time of arrival (ETA), terminal information, etc.Manufacturing. CPS is of great value to the manufacturing industries, to improve productivity, reduce cost and waste and increase operational efficiency. CPS, through automated sensors and actuators, operates the machines and proactively signals any faults in the system. CPS has a huge role to play in transforming the industries to Industry 4.0.Healthcare. CPS, due to its high level of accuracy, has great potential to be used as a complex and accurate measurement and control element in healthcare. The artificial cardiac pacemaker, a small device that is placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms, is a proven example of advances in this field. The healthcare domain needs a significant amount of interaction with the human/physical world, and CPS provides that flexibility through both digital and physical data acquisition.Energy. CPS has the potential to play a significant role in developing an efficient energy management system for the consumers, through automated sensors and switches that help in balancing the renewable energy requirements. Through integration with solar power energy systems, it promises to offer a highly cost-effective solution, and this is a huge, largely untapped market that is expected to grow significantly in the next decade.Agriculture. With global warming resulting in unpredictable climatic factors and changes in seasonal behaviour, agriculture is heavily impacted. One way to combat this is through the use of technology. The CPS technologies could increase sustainability and efficiency (less waste) through exploiting the value chain. Integration of technology with agriculture has become imperative. Intelligent robots, temperature and moisture sensors and aerial images will further drive the agricultural sector to be more profitable and efficient.
Reuse of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: systematic review, meta-analysis and quality assessment of the body of evidence
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Eliane Molina Psaltikidis, Eliana Auxiliadora Magalhães Costa, Kazuko Uchikawa Graziano
This study was conducted in line with the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Prisma)[16]. Searches were carried out in May 2020 on the following databases: Medline (via Ovid), Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, BSV (Virtual Health Library) and Lilacs, using the MESH terms: ‘Pacemaker, Artificial’, ‘Cardiac Pacemaker, Artificial’, ‘Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices’, ‘Artificial Biventricular Pacemaker’, ‘Equipment Reuse’, ‘equipment recycling’, ‘Reusability, Equipment’, as well as synonyms and free text, with the aid of the Boolean operators ‘and’ and ‘or’. Manual searches were also performed to identify unpublished studies and check the references of the articles found. There were no restrictions for the year of publication or language.