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Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The transverse processes project laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. The superior articular process projects upwards from the junction of the pedicle and lamina and presents an articular facet that faces postero-laterally. The inferior articular process projects downwards and presents an articular facet that faces antero-medially. Typical vertebrae from each of the regions of the vertebral column are illustrated in Figs 11.35,11.36a–d.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
A plane (gliding) joint is formed of complementary slightly concave and convex bone surfaces that slide across each other (Figure 2.5). The joints between the articular processes (interconnecting bony sections) of adjacent vertebrae of the spine represent this joint type. Bending the neck forward, these joint surfaces glide on one another. The joints between the small bones at both the wrist and the ankle are also gliding joints.
Influence of morphological variations on cervical spine segmental responses from inertial loading
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Jobin D. John, Narayan Yoganandan, Mike W. J. Arun, G. Saravana Kumar
The C5–C6 segment was extracted from a C2–T1 model constructed using multiblock hexahedral meshing technique (John, Arun, Yoganandan, et al. 2017). Details of the model and the associated material properties are given (Table 1). An average element size of 0.7 mm was used in the model, based on a mesh convergence study. Further mesh refinement resulted in less than 3% difference in the model responses. The model consisted of 10,834 shell elements and 15,091 solid elements. The mesh quality of the baseline and morphed models was evaluated (aspect ratio < 5 [shell], < 8 [solid]; skewness < 50°; Jacobian < 0.5). The validated model used as the baseline model (John, Arun, Yoganandan et al. 2017) was parameterized using a mapping block–based morphing technique Figure 1. The parametric model was used to generate new FE models with 7 morphological variations (Klinich et al. 2004; Nowitzke et al. 1994; Parenteau et al. 2014; Penning 1988; Stemper et al. 2008; Vasavada et al. 2008). The 7 parameters were grouped as local or global depending on the number of spinal components involved in the shape variation. Three were local anatomical variations involving only one spinal component (disc height, facet joint slope, and facet articular processes height), and the remaining 4 were global variations involving more than one spinal component (curvature of the segment, length of posterior processes, combined depth of the vertebra and facet joint, and the size of the C5–C6 segment). The parameter space was explored by simultaneous variation of the 7 parameters using the random Latin hypercube sampling technique (Kleijnen 2005; Montgomery 2008). The ranges of parameter variation and step size of parameter increments are given in Table 2.
Thoracolumbar spine kinematics and injuries in frontal impacts with reclined occupants
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Rachel Richardson, Mohan Jayathirtha, Kalle Chastain, J.-P. Donlon, Jason Forman, Bronislaw Gepner, Martin Östling, Krystoffer Mroz, Greg Shaw, Bengt Pipkorn, Jason Kerrigan
Injuries were diagnosed by a board-certified radiologist who interpreted the CT-scans of the subject’s whole body after the test. The three-element concept of spinal anatomy is used to describe injuries to the vertebra: the anterior element consists of the anterior two-thirds of the vertebral body (referred to as column one), the middle element consists of the posterior one-third of the vertebral body (column two), and the posterior element consists of the articular processes and joint capsules (column three) (Ferguson and Allen 1984).