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Biologic Biomaterials: Silk
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Biman Mandal and David L. Kaplan
Adult articular cartilage has limited self-repair capacity due to low cell density, low cell proliferation, slow matrix turnover, and a lack of a vascular supply. Damage in articular cartilage tissue due to developmental abnormalities, trauma, or age-related degeneration such as osteoarthritis oen result in extensive chronic pain, gradual loss of mobility, and disability. Current treatment methods are oen not sucient to achieve timely recovery of normal cartilage functions [121]. Most synthetic polymers used in cartilage tissue engineering, especially poly(lactide) (PLA), poly(glycolide) (PGA), or copolymers poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), can induce inammation in vivo [122,123]. For biomaterials considered for this tissue, collagen suers from rapid degradation [86] and high swelling [82], while alginate also has limitations including fast degradation, insucient mechanical properties, inhibitory eects on spontaneous repair, and unfavorable immunological responses [124,125]. e useful combination of high strength, porosity, processability, good biocompatibility, and ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and dierentiation as described above suggests 3D porous silk broin scaolds as candidates for stem-cell-and chondrocyte-based cartilage tissue engineering [86,126,127]. 3D HFIP-derived silk broin scaolds (pore size ~200 mm) and hMSCs were used for in vitro cartilage tissue engineering and outcomes were compared with unmodied and cross-linked collagen scaolds [86].
Cartilage Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Hai Yao, Yongren Wu, Xin L. Lu
Articular cartilage is a layer of low friction, load-bearing, soft tissue that overlies the articulating bony surfaces in diarthrodial joints. Under normal physiological conditions, articular cartilage provides a nearly frictionless surface for the transmission and distribution of joint load, exhibiting little to no wear over decades of use (Figure 15.1A) [4,5]. This remarkable function of cartilage is granted by its unique composition and the microstructure of the fluid-filled ECM or by the multiphasic nature of articular cartilage (Figure 15.1B). In engineering terms, the tissue is a porous viscoelastic material consisting of two principal phases: a fluid phase primarily composed of water with dissolved solutes and mobile ions in it, and a solid phase composed of a densely woven, strong, collagen (mainly type II) fibrillar network enmeshed with proteoglycan (PG) macromolecules [1,6–8]. In biomechanical models used to quantitatively describe the cartilage osmotic swelling, the dissolved electrolytes (Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, etc.) within the interstitial free water are often treated as a separate third phase [9–12]. Indeed, each phase of the tissue contributes significantly to its known mechanical and physicochemical properties.
Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medical therapy
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Nirmalya Tripathy, Rafiq Ahmad, Gilson Khang
Cartilage is a dense connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes sparsely incorporated in nonvascularized, noninnervated ECM. The ECM is mainly composed of abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycans and strengthened by collagen or sometimes elastin fibers depending on cartilage type. Cartilage is found in the places where both support and bit of flexibility is required such as joints, ears, nose, and in between the vertebrae in our spinal column. It provides structure and support to the body’s tissues as well as cushioning in the joints. Cartilage defects usually caused from aging, joint injury and developmental disorders, which often results in joint pain and loss of mobility. In cartilage ECM, cells are supported solely by nutrient and gas through diffusion. This combined with low cell density further provides limited self-repair ability of cartilage tissues.71 Clinical procedures for articular cartilage injury include physical therapy, arthroscopic drilling, autologous osteochondral grafts or autologous cell injections; however, the donor site morbidity and difficulty in trimming and grafting to achieve desired shape limit clinical applications.72
Compressive stress relaxation behavior of articular cartilage and its effects on fluid pressure and solid displacement due to non-Newtonian flow
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
In the mammalian musculoskeletal system, an essential biological activity is a locomotion which is possible because the body is capable of moving with diarthrodial joints, e.g. ankle, knee, hip, etc. Simon et al. (1981) showed with experimental results that during normal gait, these joints transmit very heavy loads, one to four times body weight. Articular cartilage is a smooth layer of soft white tissue, which covers the bony ends in diarthrodial and synovial joints. Cartilage provides the joints with mechanical functions such as shock absorption, load-bearing, and wears resistance for seven or eight decades (Mankin 1982). These functional biomechanical characteristics are due to the multiphasic nature of this tissue (Linn and Sokoloff 1965; Mankin and Thrasher 1975; Maroudas 1979; Mow et al. 1980; Lai et al. 1991; Mow and Huiskes 2005).
Biomimetic polyvinyl alcohol/type II collagen hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Weiwei Lan, Mengjie Xu, Xiumei Zhang, Liqin Zhao, Di Huang, Xiaochun Wei, Weiyi Chen
Articular cartilage plays vital role in the movement of joints. It provides the tissue sufficient mechanical support, reduces and transfers stress and lubrication characteristics etc [1,2]. Osteochondral defects are usually caused by some related diseases, such as degeneration of articular cartilage due to aging, damage of articular cartilage, trauma or rheumatoid arthritis, have been seriously threatened to the health of patients [3,4]. Cartilage is a highly organized avascular soft tissue that assembles from nano to macro scale to produce complex structural networks [5]. The ability of articular cartilage to self-repair and regeneration has been limited because of the lack of nerves and blood vessels. Therefore, the treatment of cartilaginous lesions remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons [6].
Validation of a new technique dedicated to the mechanical characterisation of cartilage micropellets
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
N. Petitjean, M. Maumus, G. Dusfour, P. Cañadas, C. Jorgensen, P. Royer, D. Noël, S. Le Floc’h
Articular cartilage is the tissue covering the surfaces of long bones ensuring smooth motions and facilitating force transmissions in joints. In the context of tissue engineering, many studies focused on molecular analysis of engineered tissues following mechanical stimulation. Only very few reports aimed at providing the course of their mechanical properties over time (O’Conor et al. 2013). This is also the case for cartilage micropellets, although this model of cartilage development from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is considered as the most relevant in vitro model for cartilage formation (Barry et al. 2001). Therefore, we have developed a specific experimental device which should allow to assess the overall mechanical properties of micropellets during cartilage generation overtime, without removing them from their culture environment. The present work is aimed at validating this new device to adequately quantify the mechanical properties of microspheres using alginate beads with similar size as cartilage micropellets in a proof-of-concept experiment.