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Controlled Delivery of Angiogenic Proteins
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Binita Shrestha, Jacob Brown, Eric M. Brey
The mechanisms of vessel network formation are generally placed in the following categories: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. Vasculogenesis is the process of de novo formation of blood vessels which is primarily responsible for primitive vascular network in the embryo. Angiogenesis is responsible for the expansion of this network by the formation of new capillaries from preexisting ones [14]. Vasculogenesis can also occur in adult organisms via an assembly of precursor cells but this typically occurs in coordination with angiogenesis. Arteriogenesis, or collateralization, is the maturation and enlargement of arteries through the recruitment and/or proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells or pericytes [15]. Angiogenesis is a dynamic process that involves well-coordinated interactions of cells, soluble factors, and extracellular matrices (ECMs) [16]. The first step in angiogenesis is production of angiogenic growth factors triggered by pathology, damage, inflammation, etc. These growth factors activate endothelial cells (ECs) to produce metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the underlying basement membrane [14]. ECs then migrate into the interstitial space led by tip cells forming sprout structures. These sprouts eventually connect with other vessels to form perfused networks [17]. Although angiogenesis occurs naturally following implantation of an engineered tissue or material, the process is often too slow to provide adequate vascularization for the survival of engineered tissues or regeneration of ischemic tissues [18]. The rapid development of vasculature is critical to achieve desirable therapeutic outcome for perfusion of large tissue beds.
Overview of Angiogenesis: Molecular and Structural Features
Published in Robert J. Gropler, David K. Glover, Albert J. Sinusas, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, 2007
Arye Elfenbein, Michael Simons
In contrast to these angiogenic sprouts, neovascularization that involves the recruitment or development of collateral blood vessels is designated as arteriogenesis. This includes the functional activation of existing collateral circulation, the maturation of undeveloped secondary blood routes, or even the de novo formation of collateral vessels. Arteriogenesis often represents a localized primary response to conditions such as vascular stenosis, and represents an effective means of re-establishing adequate blood flow.
Combined high-intensity interval training as an obesity-management strategy for adolescents
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
António Videira-Silva, Megan Hetherington-Rauth, Luís B. Sardinha, Helena Fonseca
Regarding endothelial structural health (i.e. cIMT), HIIT showed to be associated with better outcomes. These results are supported not only by within-group differences but also by GEE analysis, showing a group-by-time and time-by attendance interaction in cIMT/Diameter ratio. Increased CRF and MVPA, as well as decreased TBFM, in particular Trunk FM, may explain the improvement in cIMT/Diameter ratio in HIIT, but not in the TT participants (Ascenso et al., 2016). Although cIMT per se may be a reliable indicator of primary atherosclerotic development, artery diameter is positively associated with cIMT (Melo et al., 2016), which may reflect an adaptive response to the developmental process (Ascenso et al., 2016), and not an endothelial structural or functional health impairment. An increase in artery diameter, as a consequence of arteriogenesis-related mechanisms induced by VPA, may explain this outcome (Prior, Yang, & Terjung, 2004). Thus, cIMT/diameter ratio may allow for investigating the true impact of PA changes on endothelial structure health, since it controls for possible non-atherosclerotic development of cIMT associated with increased artery diameter, as previously suggested.