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Risk Characterization
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The major contributors to hazard indices were arsenic and silver. The critical toxic effects of arsenic are hyperpigmentation, keratosis, and possible vascular complication; hence, the vascular system is the target of the non-cancer effects of arsenic. The critical toxic effect of silver is argyria, a medically benign but permanent bluish-gray discoloration of the skin. Although the deposition of silver is permanent, it is not associated with any adverse health effects. Hence, the HI could be segregated, and when arsenic only was included, all HIs were less than unity. The quantitative results of the risk assessment are provided in Tables 6.20–6.25.
Nanotoxicity and Possible Health Risks
Published in Costas Demetzos, Stergios Pispas, Natassa Pippa, Drug Delivery Nanosystems, 2019
Elena Vlastou, Efstathios P. Efstathopoulos, Maria Gazouli
Silver NPs’ antibacterial properties have attracted the interest of medicine and clothing industries. Silver nanomaterials are found in wound dressings and clothing, so human skin is directly exposed to Ag NPs’ possible harmful effects. Gray-blue skin and liver discoloration, widely known as argyria, have been detected as a result of exposure to Ag NPs [106–108]. Oxidative stress, reduced mitochondrial function, genotoxicity, and cell apoptosis in animal tissues [88]; human skin carcinoma [109]; and leukemia [110] are among the crucial side effects of exposure to silver. Neuronal degeneration in rat models [111] and noxious changes in the synaptic function of zebrafish embryos [112] have been also reported, whereas accumulation in the liver depending on Ag NPs’ shape and size has been proved to lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS creation [71, 113]. Besides, it is the different extents of toxicity that lead to questions by many research groups. For instance, in mouse cells and fibroblasts, uncoated silver NPs cause milder effects than coated [114], while Haase et al. report higher cytotoxicity in the case of peptide-coated compared to citrate-coated 20 nm Ag NPs [115]. From experiments in keratinocytes, uncoated Ag NPs have been found to be more toxic than carbon-coated particles [116], while another study reveals that 100 mg/mL of silver nitrate in solution has been proven toxic compared to silver nanospheres and nanoprisms, which have produced no toxic effects [15].
Stimulation of Excitable Tissue and Sensory Stimulators
Published in Leslie A. Geddes, Handbook of Electrical Hazards and Accidents, 1995
Many different metals have been used for the active electrode which can be either positive or negative, depending on the charge on the drug molecule. Silver, tin, zinc, stainless steel, copper and carbon-loaded silicone rubber have all been used. Because direct current is used in iontophoresis, a wide variety of electrolytic products can be produced at the active electrode. For example if silver is used and made positive, it is chlorided; if it is made negative, silver ions are transported into the skin. Edelberg (1963) deposited silver into the skin to create a (black) skinsurface electrode which remained there for some time. The presence of silver in the skin is called argyria. Copper ions have been intentionally deposited in the skin for their germicidal effect. Such heavy metal ions combine with proteins. If the current is intense enough and lasts long enough, pain and skin sloughing can occur. For iontophoresis, it is wise to use an inert electrode material, such as stainless steel, platinum, gold or carbon and keep the current below the sensation threshold.
Protein–based electrospun nanofibers: electrospinning conditions, biomedical applications, prospects, and challenges
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Md Nur Uddin, Md. Jobaer, Sajjatul Islam Mahedi, Ayub Ali
In healthcare applications, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food industries, synthetic antibiotics and metallic compounds utilized in biomedical nanofibrous have been linked to elevated health and environmental risk (W. Zhang et al., 2017). To date, several investigations on metallic particles-based nanofibrous for biomedical applications have been conducted. Silver, gold, and zinc particles are the most used metallic particles. The efficiency of these nanoparticles against multi-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria is their main advantage (Atiyeh et al., 2007; Nguyen et al., 2011; Silvestry-Rodriguez et al., 2007). However, metallic compounds have several detrimental impacts on health and the environment despite these benefits. According to Adhaya et al., these chemicals could cause tissue toxicity (Adhya et al., 2014). Furthermore, some researchers claim that silver-based biomedical nanomaterials cause blue-gray coloration on the skin after a prolonged time due to increased melanin production caused by silver, resulting in skin diseases such as argyria (Chen & Schluesener, 2008) and reoccurrence of silver-resistant bacteria (Nascimento et al., 2009; Peterson, 2009; Rice, 2009).
Occupational exposure risk during spraying of biocidal paint containing silver nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Gavin H. West, Fatima I. Castaneda, Leonard G. Burrelli, Daniel Dresser, Michael R. Cooper, Sara B. Brooks, Bruce E. Lippy
For employees in the United States, the federally enforceable permissible exposure limit (PEL) for silver as metal or soluble compounds is 0.01 mg/m3 measured as an 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) of total airborne mass concentration (OSHA 2020). The PEL is intended to prevent argyria (a gray-blue discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and/or internal organs) and argyrosis, a discoloration of the eyes. In 2018, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) derived and proposed a recommended exposure limit (REL) for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, <100 nm primary particle size) of 0.9 µg/m3 as an airborne 8-hr TWA respirable mass concentration (Kuempel et al. 2018). In addition to argyria and argyrosis, the REL accounted for evidence of other adverse effects associated with exposure to AgNPs, particularly in the lungs and liver.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using various extracts: a review
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Mohsin Ijaz, Maria Zafar, Tahir Iqbal
Ag NPs have been proved to be the most efficient antibacterial agent[63] as compared to other metallic nanoparticles because silver and its compounds have powerful antibacterial capability[64] and extensive antibiotic inhibition spectra for micro-organisms including bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic micro-organisms.[65–67] In recent decades, Ag NPs widely used to control diseases in human beings.[68] Along with the various promising applications, Ag NPs cause inauspicious effects on human health and the surrounding atmosphere. Similar studies reported that industrial wastes have free Ag ions which is the main cause of environmental pollution. Various poisonous effects of these Ag ions generate serious diseases in all living organisms including skin (argyria), eye (argyrosis), liver and kidney infections, intestinal tract irritations, and variations in blood tissues.[69]