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Applications of imaging genomics beyond oncology
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
Xiaohui Yao, Jingwen Yan, Li Shen
Imaging genomic studies focusing on 5-HTTLPR have consistently found that s-allele carriers tend to have abnormal amygdala volume. Significantly smaller perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala were observed in s-allele carriers than in l-allele homozygotes [165]. The same study also reported that individuals with s-allele had a reduced strength of negative functional connectivity between amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex during a perceptual processing task. In addition, the genetic effect of 5-HTTLPR amygdala function in MDD has also been widely examined. It is consistently reported that the homozygous l-allele carriers exhibited decreased amygdala activation compared to those who carry at least one copy of the s allele, in both resting state [166] and response to certain stimuli [167,168].
Biochemical Indices of Fatigue for Anti-fatigue Strategies and Products
Published in Gerald Matthews, Paula A. Desmond, Catherine Neubauer, P.A. Hancock, The Handbook of Operator Fatigue, 2017
Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Hirohiko Kuratsune, Osami Kajimoto
Thus far, we propose the working hypothesis on the dysfunction in chronic fatigue, as shown in Figure 14.5. First, the activation of a part of orbitofrantal cortex [Brodmann’s area 11 (BA11)] occurs with fatigue sensation, then the serotonergic system originating from the Raphe nucleus in the brain stem is activated by the signal from BA11 to activate anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) and prefrontal cortex (BA9/46d) to overcome the deterioration of the autonomic nerve function and executive function, respectively, by fatigue. Then, after prolongation of serotonergic activation, the system would be exhausted and results in deactivation of anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) and prefrontal cortex (BA9/46d). Also, the other regions in light blue in Figure 14.5, which showed a lower blood flow rate in the PET study, would demonstrate other brain dysfunction along with chronic fatigue. The brain dysfunctions illustrated in Figure 14.5 may be placed within the broader physiological model of Figure 14.4. Effects of psychosocial stressors and genetic background are mediated by multiple processes associated with metabolic and immune dysfunction, producing multiple biochemical markers for fatigue.
Single-Neuron Recordings from Depth Electrodes with Embedded Microwires in Epilepsy Patients
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Ueli Rutishauser, Adam N. Mamelak
Electrodes are implanted bilaterally at likely epileptogenic sites using a lateral approach (Figure 30.1a). Typical implantation sites are the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex. The implantation site was determined based on coregistered CT and structural MRI. Implantation was guided by a stereotactic frame fixed to the head of the patient (Spencer et al., 2007). Implantation location was confirmed postoperatively using structural MRI (Figure 30.1a through c). Monitoring can take up to several weeks of continuous observation and recording. Since activity has to be recorded continuously (while waiting for a seizure to occur), there are large periods of time where brain function is normal but intracranial signals can be recorded. This gives scientists the unique opportunity to directly observe the electrical activity of the awake human brain during the behavior (Mamelak, 2014). The data reported in this chapter are all recorded during these periods of time.
Survey and perspective on social emotions in robotics
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Grecucci et al. summarized the brain regions related to emotional regulation as a mechanistic study of social emotional regulation [58] (Table 2). First, individual emotion regulation (IER) has been reported to be related to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, striatum, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), among others. The DLPFC is generally believed to control attention and working memory. The ACC is involved in monitoring and controlling ongoing processes. The VLPFC appears to be responsible for choosing an appropriate response to a goal and suppressing inappropriate responses. The area of interest for reassessment is the amygdala, which is believed to be an important structure that supports the refinement of external and internal emotional and negative stimuli. In addition, the striatum and insula have little relationship with IER.
The Flow brain stimulation headset for the treatment of depression: overview of its safety, efficacy and portable design
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Lucas Borrione, Paulo J C Suen, Lais B Razza, Leonardo Afonso Dos Santos, Pedro Sudbrack-Oliveira, André R Brunoni
To define the DLPFC, the Sallet et al. atlas was used [79], which parcels the dorsal frontal cortex based on functional and tractography data in both humans and primates, and divides it into 10 subregions (clusters), also identified by their corresponding Brodmann areas (BAs). The DLPFC was here defined by clusters 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10, corresponding to BA 8, 9 and 46 (Figure 4). This approach was used in two previous studies by our group, one correlating tDCS antidepressant response to structural DLPFC changes [76], and the other to simulated EF in the DLPFC [75]. The DMPFC was here defined by cluster 4 of the Sallet et al. atlas, which corresponds to BA 10 (Figure 4). The ACC was defined using the Brainnetome atlas [80], a whole-brain, multimodal parcellation atlas based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging and resting state fMRI connectivity.
Device profile of the Proclaim XR neurostimulation system for the treatment of chronic pain: an overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Jonathan M. Hagedorn, Alyson M. Engle, Priyanka Ghosh, Timothy R. Deer
Additionally, burst stimulation has been proven to have supraspinal effects as well. Research has shown that burst SCS modulates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [12,13]. The ACC is involved in the affective and emotional components of pain. This aspect of pain follows the medial pathway via the lateral spinothalamic tract, which connects to the ACC [14]. Thus, by modulating the ACC, burst SCS likely has a direct effect on the emotional aspects of chronic pain.