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Controlled Therapeutic Delivery in Wound Healing
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
Adam Jorgensen, Zishuai Chou, Sean Murphy
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) are obtained from the amniotic fluid that is extracted during amniocenteses performed to detect fetal congenital disorders. The role of amniotic fluid is to facilitate fetal growth. It contains nutrients and growth factors, provides mechanical cushioning, possesses antimicrobial properties that protect the fetus, and allows the assessment of fetal maturity and presence of disease [135]. Amniotic fluid also contains a mixture of different cell types of various origins, including those derived from the developing fetus, those sloughed from the fetal amnion and skin, and those derived from the alimentary, respiratory, and urogenital tracts [136].
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Amniotic fluid volume is assessed. Low amniotic fluid volume or oligohydramnios may be caused by intrauterine growth retardation secondary to placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, congenital infection and severe maternal systemic illness. Severe oligohydramnios may also indicate the presence of renal agenesis or obstruction of the fetal urinary tract. Common causes of increased amniotic fluid volume or polyhydramnios include maternal diabetes, multiple pregnancy, neural tube defect, fetal hydrops, and any disorder with impaired fetal swallowing such as oesophageal atresia. In many cases, polyhydramnios is idiopathic, with no underlying cause found.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The fetus is assessed in detail, again reviewing the anatomy. Measurements for growth are taken, including the HC, AC and FL (Figs 8.25a–c). The amniotic fluid is assessed, either subjectively or by measuring the single deepest vertical pocket of fluid, where there is no cord or fetal parts.
Prenatal and postnatal transfer of perfluoroalkyl substances from mothers to their offspring
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yingxue Liu, An Li, Qi An, Kai Liu, Ping Zheng, Shanshan Yin, Weiping Liu
Amniotic fluid is an essential matric for studying the prenatal transfer of PFASs from mothers to fetuses/infants. Amniotic fluid initially comes from transudate of maternal plasma, and is comprised of hypotonic urine, secreta of kidney, and secreta of lung of the fetus body with the development of the embryo (Behrman et al., 1967). It provides an important environment for fetal growth during gestation. There is a cycle between amniotic fluid and fetuses when fetuses not only excrete fluid from the kidney or lung into amniotic fluid but also ingest and inhale the amniotic fluid. So toxic materials in amniotic fluid can be transferred to the fetus. Jensen et al. reported that the median concentration of PFOS in the second-trimester AF of Danish pregnant women was 1.1 ng/mL (Jensen et al., 2012). A study showed a much lower PFOS concentration (mean: 0.020 ng/mL) in the AF from Tianjin, China. Meanwhile, a positive correlation between PFOA level in maternal blood and that in AF was found (T. Zhang et al., 2013), which was consistent with a previous study (Stein et al., 2012).