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Design and production of vaccines against COVID-19 using established vaccine platforms
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Ryan Kligman, Jesús Lavado-García, Amine Kamen
However, vaccine design depends largely on the adaptive immune system. In general, there are two main components of the adaptive immune system: cellular immunity mediated by T-cells, and humoral immunity mediated by antibodies secreted by B-cells (as detailed in Chapter 3). It has been shown that upon natural infection, B-cells produce neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in two manners: firstly, by targeting the S protein and preventing its interaction with ACE2 and secondly, by binding to the virus cytoskeleton including the internal nucleoprotein and preventing release of the genome [4,7]. Early studies showed that in patients with COVID-19, antibodies were seen in their serum on average 8 days after exposure reaching a peak after 14 days [8]. Due to this natural response against the S protein, it is unsurprising that nearly all vaccines in development have chosen it as the target antigen for vaccine development. This was even seen in SARS-CoV where antibodies targeted to the S1 RBD blocked its interaction with ACE2 and antibodies targeted to other epitopes of the S1 sub-unit inhibited conformational changes of the S protein required for viral cell-entry [14].
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. Adaptive immunity is triggered by an initial response to a specific pathogen. When that happens, immunological memory is created. In subsequent encounters that pathogen will be recognized and will result in an enhanced response. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.
Enzymes for Prodrug-Activation in Cancer Therapy
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Advances in molecular biology have led to the identification of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) as a potential target for reconstructing/inserting new epitopes on the receptor region resulting in a new kind of immunotherapy, the CAR T-cell therapy, which can lead to T-cell activation via antibody-like recognition. T cells, termed so because they mainly mature in the thymus from thymocytes, are a subtype of white blood cells. In contrast to other lymphocytes (B cells, natural killer cells) they are decorated on their surface with a receptor, the T-cell receptor (TCR). The majority of human T cells are part of the adaptive immune system and protect against various pathogens after being converted to activated effector T cells following encounter with antigen-presenting cells (APCs: e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells). Among these activated effector T cells are cytotoxic T cells, which kill their target cells by apoptosis. For more details concerning the properties of T cells, see Smith-Garvin et al. (2009).
Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Wei Hu, Jiaming Shi, Wenyan Lv, Xiaofang Jia, Katsuhiko Ariga
Although modulation of innate immunity like macrophage phenotype by bioactive materials is reported in many studies, the adaptive immune system plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration. Using microfluidic methods, Griffin et al. developed an injectable annealed microporous interconnected gel scaffold [157]. It can be used for 3D cell culture in vitro with the ability of promoting cell proliferation. When injected into the body, it can promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. To slow down the degradation of microporous annealed particle (MAP) in vivo, they changed the chirality of the crosslinking peptides from L- to D-amino acids (D-MAP) (Figure 8A) [158]. Surprisingly, they found that D-MAP degraded faster in vivo but produced a better tissue regeneration effect. The reason is that D-MAP induces adaptive immune response in vivo, leading to wound healing with tissue functional recovery (Figure 8B). This indicates the important role of adaptive immunity in biomaterial-mediated tissue regeneration.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
In accordance with the topic of this review, it is important to distinguish between hypersensitivity reactions and other types of immunological responses that may develop following exposure to metals. Metals constitute a group of toxicants with the capacity to elicit a wide variety of distinctive adverse health effects mediated by numerous unique biological mechanisms, which may manifest in any tissue of the body (Borowska and Brzoska 2015; Mamtani et al. 2011; Mizutani et al. 2016). Similarly, toxic responses implicating the immune system as the primary target tissue represent only one of many possible adverse outcomes following exposure to metals (Di Gioacchino et al. 2007). Further, of the many different immunotoxic responses that may emerge, allergic reactions represent only a single potential outcome. Localized inflammatory reactions often develop following exposure to metals, and while these responses may appear indiscernible from symptomology of allergic reactions, these usually involve nonspecific mechanisms of immune responsivity and are mediated exclusively by cells of the innate immune system. In contrast, true hypersensitivity responses involve inflammatory reactions that are antigen-specific, driven by previously-generated immunological memory, and are primarily mediated by cells of the adaptive immune system (Bircher 2018). In accordance with this distinction, this review is focused on the latter immune responses.
Human immune system inspired framework for disruption handling in manufacturing Process
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2019
Z.A. Khan, M T Khan, I Ul Haq, J Iqbal, M Tufail
The HIS is a defence mechanism of the human body, guarding against external intruders known as Pathogens. These pathogens have an adverse effect on the functionality of the body, causing diseases. HIS is further divided into innate and adaptive immune system, both serving the same purpose. The innate immune system gates the body from entry of pathogen into the body like skin, mucus membrane gastric juice, epithelial cells etc. If by any chance the pathogens enter the body then an immediate response, resulting from the activation of a second class of innate immunity, eats up the pathogen (phagocytosis) and presents a part of protein from the pathogen on its surface as a tag, that’s why they are also called, antigen presenting cells (APC) (Leandro N. De Castro and Von Zuben 2002). The innate subsystem has the capability to detect a wide range of pathogens through its APCs. The APCs have specialised receptors for pathogens known as pathogens recognition receptors (PRRs) at the surface of APCs, which enables them to differentiate between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’(Leandro N. De Castro and Von Zuben 2002).