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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The most common clinical indications for a barium swallow are high (pharyngeal) or low (oesophageal/oesophago-gastric) dysphagia. Dysphagia simply means ‘difficulty in swallowing’. Benign causes of dysphagia includes pharyngeal pouch, prominence of the cricopharyngeus, pharyngeal web, tertiary contractions, fibrotic stricturing, achalasia or gastric herniation. Malignant causes of dysphagia that can be diagnosed by the barium swallow include pharyngeal, oesophageal, gastro-oesophageal and fundal tumours.
Oesophagus Achalasia Diagnosis from Esophagoscopy Based on a Serial Multi-scale Network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Kai Jiang, Masahiro Oda, Yuichiro Hayashi, Hironari Shiwaku, Masashi Misawa, Kensaku Mori
Oesophagus Achalasia (achalasia) (Gennaro et al. 2011) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease. A standard definition of achalasia is the inability of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax without peristalsis (Boeckxstaens et al. 2014). The annual incidence of achalasia is approximately in people worldwide, with an overall prevalence of to in people (Patel et al. 2017). Regardless of the stage at which achalasia is diagnosed, the treatment of it is the same as Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) (Inoue et al. 2010). Thus, early diagnosis cannot reduce the cost of the treatment. However, diagnosing achalasia earlier is very meaningful, achalasia carries a risk of complications, including aspiration pneumonia and oesophageal cancer (Torres-Aguilera and Troche 2018). Early diagnosis of achalasia can prevent oesophageal cancer occurrence, and reduce the risk of POEM complications. About to of patients can be effectively treated with pneumatic dilation, Heller esophagotomy, or POEM once it be correctly diagnosised (Reynolds and Parkman 1989; Rakita et al. 2005; Barbieri et al. 2015). However, the aetiology characterised by achalasia remains unknown, which causes physicians can not precisely identify achalasia (Vaezi and Richter 1999). The general diagnosis methods of achalasia are through oesophagus endoscopy (esophagoscopy), radiology, and manometry (Pohl and Tutuian 2007). Esophagoscopy is a necessary achalasia diagnosis method, which can rule out oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma complicated with achalasia or secondary achalasia associated with malignancy (Pohl and Tutuian 2007).