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Introduction
Published in Fuewen Frank Liou, Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications, 2019
Often virtual prototyping may not be able to evaluate the ultimate performance of a product. A full-scale comprehensive physical prototype is needed at least at the end. Physical prototyping enables the exploration, optimization, and validation of mechanical hardware. Physical prototyping is traditionally a very time-consuming process. Recently, AM has become a new trend to produce a physical prototype for testing. It is based on layered manufacturing, which builds a part in a layered fashion—typically from the bottom-up. It makes use of an old technology—printing. A layer of material is printed or laid down on a substrate with careful control. When various layers are stacked together, it forms a 3D object. Conceptually, it is like stacking many tailored pieces of cardboard on top of one another. Part geometry needs to be sliced, and the geometry of each slice determined. It is computer controlled and fully automated. Therefore, it is fully compatible with the CAD/CAM system for concurrent product development.
Development of In-House Nano-Hydroxyapatite Particles for Dental Applications
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Rodney J. Y. Ho, Jagat R. Kanwar, NanoBioMaterials, 2018
Sunpreet Singh, Rupinder Singh
AM simply consists of two phases: virtual phase (modelling and simulating) and physical phase (i.e., fabrication). Virtual prototyping is the development of model by dynamic and interactive simulation. The course of forming the physical model is formation of 3D physical model by CAD (Liu et al., 2006). Stereolithography (SLA), inkjet-based system, selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modelling (FDM) are amongst the most frequently used technologies in dental practice. Plastics, ceramics and metals can be employed in these technologies, reported in the several studies (Azari and Nikzad, 2009; Andonović et al., 2010). FDM is one of many cost-effective AM techniques in which a thermoplastic is first heated (inside the head) and then polymer melt is extruded in the form of thin layer through a nozzle, layer by layer, on the build platform. With FDM, it is possible to fabricate exact dimensions of dentures by utilizing patient specific scan data. The procedure begins with a cast delivered from an impression of a patient’s mouth is carefully filtered and changed over to a CAD file, which is utilized to outline the structure and produce a standard triangulation language (.STL) file, appropriate for FDM processing (Wu et al., 2012). The FDM process starts with importing a .STL file of a model into the preprocessing software. Process parameters like, tip size, material type and machining speed are automatically added and the control file for the machine is generated (Greul et al., 1995). This model is oriented and mathematically sliced into horizontal layers varying from 0.127 to 0.331 mm in thickness. Figure 14.1 represents the schematic of FDM (Zein et al., 2002).
Applications, Challenges, and Possibilities
Published in Wong Gabriyel, Wang Jianliang, Real-Time Rendering: Computer Graphics with Control Engineering, 2017
The increasing complexity of designs of many products requires exchanges of design information among various stakeholders in the production pipeline. The advantage of virtual prototyping is that early analysis and insights derived from such activities can help engineers understand the potential pitfalls and test various ideas without incurring the high costs of producing physical prototypes.
Simulation in the design and operation of manufacturing systems: state of the art and new trends
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
The 4th industrial revolution introduces technologies such as virtual and augmented reality, hybrid simulation and digital twin. The first two support advanced realistic visualisation, simulating design and functionality of existing entities in an intriguing way that promotes knowledge sharing and intuition. Virtual prototyping provides a new step in product design, prior to materialisation (Azuma et al. 2001). As the production models become more and more complex, hybrid simulation becomes a highly used approach (Saouma and Sivaselvan 2014). The last few years, digital twin has arisen as a technology that combines data-driven real-time monitoring of real entities with scenarios simulation, aiming to improve its functionality and maximise its efficiency (Tuegel et al. 2011). Digital twin is not solely focused on one entity but may be expanded to whole systems, thus creating a holistic approach for the digitalised factories of the future.
Virtual Reality design-build-test games with physics simulation: opportunities for researching design cognition
Published in International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 2021
Maria Adriana Neroni, Alfred Oti, Nathan Crilly
Research on virtual prototypes has mainly highlighted the potential for these tools to facilitate the development, iteration and analysis of designs (e.g., Baytar, 2018; Bordegoni et al., 2008; Chu & Kao, 2020). In particular, in the fields of mechanical and industrial engineering, researchers have extensively used virtual prototyping techniques for testing and improving design solutions (e.g., Choi & Chan, 2004; Mahdjoub et al., 2010; Zorriassatine et al., 2003). Virtual prototyping has also proven to be an effective tool in allowing designers to recognize design problems and errors early in the product development process (Bordegoni et al., 2010; Park et al., 2008).
Reference model for the implementation of new assembly processes in the automotive sector
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Emilio C. Baraldi, Paulo Carlos Kaminski
Virtual prototyping techniques during the product development process enables to detect design and manufacturing problems early in the product development cycle, supports concurrent engineering approaches to engineering activities, and reduces the lead time involved in manufacturing (Cecil & Kanchanapiboon, 2007).