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Alternative fuels
Published in Tom Denton, Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2018
The car can achieve a range of 1,000 km on a clear day. The surplus energy generated by Vie can be supplied back to the house or electric grid. A smart charging and discharging system keeps track of energy prices to find the optimal time to charge or discharge.
Assessment of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and its impact on the electric grid: A review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Muhammad Ashfaq, Osama Butt, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Nasrudin Rahim
To mitigate these effects, controlled charging or smart charging has to be employed. In smart charging, the charging is done when the peak demand is low. Richardson, Flynn, and Keane 2011 stated that a high EV penetration is possible in the suburban area by using smart charging methods with just a few modifications in the infrastructure. This system requires a communication protocol between either EV or charger and the grid since the charging initiates only when the vehicle gets the signal from the electric grid (Falahati, Taher, and Shahidehpour 2016). Furthermore, smart charging can reduce the maintenance cost of a distribution system by 65–70% (Will and Schuller 2016). Frendo et al. 2020 have proposed an integrated data-driven regression model for charge profile prediction in a smart charging algorithm. This proposed model has trained on a comprehensive data set of charging process and predicted the power drawn by the EV throughout the charging process. From the study, it is concluded that with this proposed strategy, EVs can charge up to 21% more energy and reach a 9% point higher mean final state of charge in a limited charging infrastructure. Thus, more energy can be transmitted without the need for upgrading of charging infrastructure. At charging stations, a limit on the total power is a common practice to mitigate power threshold limits of a distribution transformer. For example, Tesla supercharging station has many fast-charging units in a single site, when all chargers are occupied by EVs, then the charging station cannot operate at its maximum rated power and the power shared among the units in such a way that the total power does not cross the threshold limit of a transformer. Furthermore, Integrating EV charging with energy storage device (ESD) is a strategy to mitigate electric grid impact, especially at the distribution level. During low peak demand, EV can be charged from the grid or on-site renewable energy source. However, when the EV charging demand crosses the distribution transform’s limit, the stationary ESD augments the site power.
Transport sector transformation: integrating electric vehicles in Turkey’s distribution grids
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
O. B. Tor, S. Teimourzadeh, M. Koc, M. E. Cebeci, H. Akınc, O. Gemici, C. Bahar, J. Hildermeier, D. Saygin
The analysis is based on the crucial assumption that there will be the necessary energy pricing mechanisms and charging technology infrastructure that would enable smart charging of EVs. Smart charging, i.e., optimizing charging times based on price signals, is crucial to manage the peak load when EVs are plugged in at homes, workplaces and in public areas. Electricity pricing strategies, load management approaches and optimizing the charging point locations maximizing the use of existing grid capacity in urban and rural areas are required for smart charging. Since the Turkish EV market is still at an early development stage, it is important to already start preparing for the steps needed in enabling such mechanisms for cost-effective grid management. The US and European experiences show electricity pricing as a powerful lever to enable demand response through smart charging mechanisms. Unlike the traditional electric devices, EVs are charged at times other than when they are being used, which requires dynamic retail tariffs to direct charging to suitable hours (RAP (The Regulatory Assistance Project) 2019). Time-based electricity tariffs can direct EV owners to low-cost hours of the day to benefit both the EV owners and the power system, for instance overnight when demand is likely to be lower or when output from renewables is the highest. Already Turkey’s electricity system benefits from around 50% share of renewables with an increasing part of that being supplied from wind and solar energy (EPDK (Energy Market Regulatory Authority of Turkey) 2019). In achieving this, the day-ahead, intra-day and balancing markets of the wholesale power system should be developed to enable faster and shorter dynamics to ensure gaining flexibility from EVs and to provide low-cost charging services back (IRENA (The International Renewable Energy Agency) 2019). This will require the regulator in creation of a dynamic EV-friendly retail tariff and the monitoring of its effectiveness. Accelerating the progress in liberalization of Turkey’s retail market (EPDK (Energy Market Regulatory Authority of Turkey) 2019) can help to improve the existing time of use tariff in the retail market to adjust to the EV charging needs. the effectiveness of EV tariffs for low-cost integration of EVs. Smart technologies will be needed to optimize the various parameters that pertain to smart charging such as measuring and communicating a charging point’s consumption and automated charging responsive to electricity price or other signals (RAP (The Regulatory Assistance Project) 2019). Requiring smart grid infrastructure will be particularly crucial for workplaces where larger numbers of EVs are likely to be plugged in for long hours and at public charging stations to control peak hours usage. Opt-out schemes for customers to choose between dynamic and standard tariffs could also be useful to increase consumer information and confidence.