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Numerical Simulations in Virtual Environments
Published in Andrzej Grabowski, Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments, 2020
Head Injury Criterion (HIC). To assess head injuries, the head impact criterion (HIC) is used. Head acceleration based on the crash force is measured at the center of mass, and it is possible to determine the probability of a linear skull fracture, which is often accompanied by a concussion and loss of consciousness. The Wayne State University Concussion Tolerance Curve (WSU TC) was the basis for developing the HIC criterion. The HIC is calculated based on the following equation: HIC=max[1(t2−t1)∫t1t2a(t)dt]2,5(t2−t1)
mTBI in the Military and Contact Sports
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
This further complicates the design of protective equipment for blast as well as testing to determine injury mechanisms and thresholds. Biofidelic test manikins record only biomechanical parameters with inconclusive links to the injury physiology and to animal models. Head injury criterion (HIC) may be used to predict risk of injury. But they do not account for factors in injury tolerance over time; nor do they account for complex blast parameters such as reflections, reverberation, and interactions of pressure waves within buildings or breached vehicles (Desmoulin and Dionne, 2009). But peak intracranial pressure may represent a reasonable overall predictor of tissue injury (Chen et al., 2009).
The Skull and Brain
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Tom Gibson, Nicholas Shewchenko, Tom Whyte
The HIC has become the most widely used head injury tolerance measure, particularly in the area of automotive safety. The HIC is severely limited by being based on head kinematics using rigid body mechanics, and (skull deformation can have a major effect on its measurement); by not considering rotational acceleration; by not being directionally dependent; and, by not being based on specific head injury mechanisms. These limitations often lead to poor correlation between HIC and real-world observations.
Optimization of vehicle pulse index parameters based on validated vehicle-occupant finite element model
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2023
M. S. Abdul Samad, M. K. Mohd Nor, M. M. Abdul Majid, K. K. Abu Kassim
On the other hand, there is a lack of literature related to the constants that been used for VPI. The known value for M, k and s is 1 kg, 2500 N/m and 30 mm respectively, as proposed by Volvo [5]. Based on the study by Prasad and Weston, the VPI is the best predictor for Hybrid III 5th percentile female (H305) and Hybrid III 3-year old child (H3 3YO) Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and peak chest acceleration [6]. However, both H305 and H3 3YO are positioned at the back seat, thus, there is no contact with the airbag. It is well known that the HIC is highly affected by airbag configurations. This is inline with a study by Kübler et al. where it was reported that with the increasing OLC value, there is a strong divergence in the HIC value [7]. However, in the same study, there is a very high correlation between 3 ms chest acceleration and OLC.
Safety analysis of battery-powered ride-on toy car with seat and restraint system modifications
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Abbey M. Fraser, Grant R. Bevill, Mary S. Lundy, Juan Aceros
The following injury metrics were calculated for each simulation: head injury criterion (HIC), peak angular acceleration (PAA), peak linear acceleration (PLA), head and chest displacement, neck tension force, neck injury criterion (Nij), neck bending moment, and neck transverse shear. For these metrics, a higher value results in a higher risk of injury. HIC measures the likelihood of head injury arising from an impact (Schmitt et al., 2019). Figure 3 is used to interpret HIC scores and shows the risk curve of sustaining a level 1 injury on the abbreviated injury scale (AIS1). An AIS1 injury is the most minor injury one can sustain and has a zero percent probability of death (Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 2019). Neck injury criteria is used to predict neck injuries in low-speed rear-end collisions and risk of injury increases as the value approaches one (Schmitt et al., 2019). Peak linear accelerations that are experienced in activities of daily living are typically on the order of ten g’s (Bussone, 2005). Displacement is considered because impact with interior of the vehicle poses one of the greatest risks of injury.
Railway seat design for injury mitigation in crash scenario
Published in International Journal of Rail Transportation, 2020
M. S. Carvalho, A. P. Martins, J. Milho
The numerical model of the reference scenario was validated with the experimental testing after a fine-tuning, being the injury indices and relative errors summarized in Table 2. Head and femoral injuries obtained in the virtual and experimental testing are closer, tibia indices show large differences, but, in any case, with values far from the injury threshold shown in Table 1. The indices that come closer to any risk are measured in head, neck and knee. Except for Head Injury Criterion (HIC), all injury indices are below a moderate threshold value, and HIC is below serious limit level (500). This means that the probability of the requirement of hospital treatment is increased, which suggests future design improvements targeted to decrease this index.