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Transmission systems
Published in Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 2020
The driver changes the gears of a manual gearbox by moving a hand-operated lever called a gear stick or shift lever. All manual gearboxes have a neutral position; three, four or five forward gears; and a reverse gear. A few even have six forward gears now. The driver puts the gearbox into neutral as the engine is being started, or when a car is parked with the engine left running (Figure 9.3).
Using driving simulator to study the effect of crash fact signs on speeding behaviour along freeways
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2023
Fadi Alhomaidat, Raed Abdullah Hasan, Shadi Hanandeh, Wael Alhajyaseen
The fixed-base driving simulator at Western Michigan University (WMU) Transportation Research Center for Livable Community (TRCLC), which Realtime Technologies Inc. manufactured, is used in this study. It consists of three screens, speakers, car seat, steering wheel, dashboard, gear stick, gas, and brake pedal, as shown in Figure 1. A 180-degree front view display is provided by connecting the screens with each other. Two side and centre view mirrors of the simulator are displayed on the monitors to show a real-time video for the vehicle’s rearview. Speakers are connected with audio software to produce engine sound, noise from a vehicle, and tire sound. The system includes a library of road segments, entities, signs, trees, and buildings that match the U.S. road environment to develop a unique driving environment. To design and run an individual scenario, two types of software are needed: SimCreator and SimVista. SimCreator creates and runs a model. SimVista designs and controls the scenario’s parameters.
Enabling multitasking by designing for situation awareness within the vehicle environment
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2019
Lee Skrypchuk, Pat Langdon, Ben D. Sawyer, Alex Mouzakitis, P. John Clarkson
In the context of this paper, and the vehicle environment, this is only half the story. The NDRA can be considered a barrier to the driver being able to maintain understanding of the DRA in the same way certain aspects of the driving environment inhibit SAS. The key difference being that the environment in focus, information types, context of use and the fundamental goal are different to that of the DRA. NDRA based information is generally found in-vehicle, meaning the driver has to scan differently to establish the key information required to be able to achieve SA. Ecologically, natural boundaries (display and control layout), obstacles (gear stick, steering wheel, cabin layout), limits (button boundaries and size), dynamic objects (inertia of vehicle, daylight) also exist. In the NDRA context, the exact situation (combination of DRA and NDRA) will invariably differ from previous attempts, unless the vehicle is stationary, making it difficult to retain the exact experiential conditions. The number of unique situations are therefore almost infinite. NDRAs vary in complexity containing different interactions based upon the goal. From eating to drinking, changing music to making a phone call and personalising the environment, the variety makes it very disruptive to the natural state of the DRA.