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Semiautomatic and Automatic Transmission
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
Use of automatic and semiautomatic gear-changing systems to reduce driver’s fatigue is a very old technique in vehicles. Generally automatic transmissions are usually less fuel efficient than manual transmission systems. Automatic transmission systems offer many driving advantages, especially in urban road conditions: Reduction in driver’s fatigue, as there is no clutch or gear lever to manipulate, which is very beneficial in congested traffic conditions.Both hands of the driver can remain on the steering wheel at all times, they need to not think about shifting gears, resulting in safer driving.The transmission always engages the correct gear automatically based on the driving conditions and the traction demand of the vehicle, and accordingly the engine operates.
Automotive Trends in Europe
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
The older designs of automatic transmissions are, in general, less fuel-efficient than manual transmissions. The newer CVTs and IVTs provide much better fuel efficiency than conventional ATs, in some cases approaching that of manual transmissions. Another way of gaining the fuel efficiency of a manual transmission is the use of an automated manual transmission (AMT). The most fuel-efficient design currently is a double clutch transmission (DCT), which provides full automation of the gear-changing process while delivering better fuel efficiency than a manual transmission. AMTs make use of current technology and gear oils, and requires no major change to existing production lines. DCTs started to be used in European cars in 2003 and are forecast to achieve a market share of 20% by 2010. Borg-Warner’s Dualtronic DCT is one example of the new AMTs.
Vehicle Transmission
Published in Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2018
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi
The AMT or sequential manual transmission and the DCT employ computer-controlled servo systems to change the gear ratios of synchromesh gearboxes automatically. To change gears, clutches are needed to interrupt the power flow between the engine and the gearbox. Therefore, an AMT or DCT consists of friction clutches, gearbox (gear sets and synchromesh system similar to the manual transmissions), gear change servo mechanism, and transmission control unit (TCU). By employing hydraulic or electric motor servos to operate the clutch and gear shift mechanisms, the desirable speed and torque based on the throttle position can be achieved. AMTs and DCTs usually operate in fully automatic, economy, or sporty modes. They usually have better gearshift performance and fuel economy than manual gearboxes with the convenience of automatic transmissions.
Framework for fault-tolerant speed tracking control of gasoline engines using the first principle-based engine model
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2022
Raheel Anjum, Ahmed Yar, Ghulam Murtaza, Qadeer Ahmed, Aamer I. Bhatti
Speed tracking control remains an active research area in the domain of engine control, which focused on numerous aspects including control of idle speed (Sakai et al., 2010), Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) (Anjum et al., 2017), torque (Kang et al., 2016), spark timing (Kaleli et al., 2015) and engine knock (Abu-Qudais, 1996). Speed tracking, being the key component of engine control, is carried out for optimal torque management of the engine. Engine speed is required to follow the desired profile in the presence of load torque that acts as a disturbance. Despite a well-researched problem, speed tracking control remained an important problem for present-day road cars especially the ones with hybrid power train as there exist a coupling effect between torque generated by the engine and electric motor. Optimal torque management is essential for fuel-efficient coordinated control of the gasoline engine in a hybrid power train. It is also significant for gearshift control of the automatic transmission. However, Speed tracking control must withstand the minor subsystem faults, otherwise, it can lead to degraded performance, violation of certain operating constraints or complete system failure in some cases. Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is important to retain a part of speed tracking control for a specific fault set. Automatic re-configuration features in FTC ensure the attainment of fault tolerance after detection and isolation of malfunction in the system.
Interactive effects of task load and music tempo on psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioural outcomes during simulated driving
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Costas I. Karageorghis, Garry Kuan, Elias Mouchlianitis, William Payre, Luke W. Howard, Nick Reed, Andrew M. Parkes
Conditions were administered in counterbalanced order with each experimental trial lasting ∼8 min. Experimental manipulations coincided with the 8-min driving phase under high and low loads. Participants were asked to maintain a speed of 30 mph in the urban simulation and 70 mph in the highway simulation. Both simulations were populated with traffic in both directions to maintain ecological validity. Moreover, participants were instructed to observe all traffic signals/road signs in accord with the UK Highway Code. The driving simulator was equipped with an automatic transmission system. Accordingly, participants were told not to use the gear lever; only the steering wheel, accelerator pedal, and brake pedal. Participants were also asked to use the rear-view and side-view mirrors, as they would normally.
Thermal effect on cavitation characteristics of a hydraulic torque converter
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2022
Meng Guo, Cheng Liu, Jiahua Zhang, Shiqi Liu, Qingdong Yan, Boo Cheong Khoo
Hydraulic torque converter is a closed-loop fluid machinery which transfers power by the conversion between fluid kinetic energy and mechanical energy, and it serves as a core component of automatic transmission and hydraulic transmission since it is able to provide continuously variable transmission, self-adaption to load, and absorption of vibration from the engine [1]. Therefore, it is widely used in the transmission systems of passenger cars, off-road vehicles, construction machinery, and marine vehicles, etc. Hydraulic torque converter is mainly composed of three impellers – the pump, the turbine and the stator. The working fluid absorbs energy from the pump which is connected to the engine, and makes impact on the turbine which in turn drives the load, and then flows back to the pump via stator. Each impeller contains a series of twisted blades with different shapes and numbers, as shown in Figure 1.