China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Suspension and Steering
Published in Andrew Livesey, Basic Motorsport Engineering, 2012
The spring absorbs the shock when the wheel hits a bump in the road. The spring must be strong enough to support the vehicle and its load, but be able to be compressed when a bump is hit. There are a number of different springs: the popular ones are coil springs, leaf springs and torsion bar springs. If you look at the following figures you'll be able to see the differences. All these different springs are made from specially tempered, medium carbon steel called spring steel.
Running gear
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
The spring absorbs the shock when the wheel hits a bump in the road. The spring must be strong enough to support the vehicle and its load; but be able to be compressed when a bump is hit. There are a number of different springs; the popular ones are coil springs, leaf springs and torsion bar springs. All these different springs are made from specially tempered medium-carbon steel called spring steel.
Chassis
Published in Tom Denton, Automotive Technician Training, 2015
Remove: Disconnect the battery, apply the handbrake and slacken the road wheel nuts. Raise the front of the vehicle, support it on axle stands and remove the front wheels.Remove stabilizer and tie bar attachments to the lower arm. Using ball joint splitter, disconnect track rod end from steering arm. Place screw jack under hub assembly and slightly compress spring.Remove upper and lower shock absorber mountings and remove shock absorber.Fit spring compressor and compress coil spring. Using ball joint splitter, disconnect lower arm ball joint whilst supporting lower arm.Remove coil spring from vehicle and spring compressors from spring. Remove lower arm pivot bolt and lower arm from vehicle.Inspect: Inspect lower arm, spring insulator, bushing and ball joint – replace as appropriate.Note: Replacement of bushes and ball joints is only possible on some vehicles. Refer to manufacturer’s procedures if possible.Inspect coil spring.Refit: Refitting is a direct reversal of the above procedure.Note: The spring must be compressed to approximately kerb weight position before refitting.The nuts on the lower pivot bolt must be tightened to the correct torque when the vehicle has been lowered onto its wheels. Check castor and wheel alignment. Reset if required.Note: Wheel alignment must be measured and reset after castor has been adjusted.
Review of component wise performance enhancement techniques for simple solar water heater
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Satish Kumar Dewangan, Neeraj Sunheriya, T RaviKiran
Sandhu, Siddiqui, and Garcia (2014) experimentally investigated the effects of the inclination angle of SWH and different twisted inserts in constrained environment for Re ranging from 200 to 8000 and Pr ranging from 5 to 8. Three different types of coil insert geometries have been used namely, simple helical coil springs, concentric coil springs, and conical coil. Mesh inserts have been found best suited for laminar flows with % Nu increment reported as 270% more as compared to the smooth tube. Whereas the concentric coil inserts gave the best results for turbulent flows with 460% increments in Nu have been reported as compared to the smooth tube. Huertas et al. (2017) investigated the effect of pitch of helical inserts of same wire diameter. For Re below 500, there was a steep reduction in fanning friction factor causing a pressure drop of about 25%. For the Re ranging from 500 to 7000, the friction factor increased by 60% and beyond that the friction factor increased by four times compared to the plain tube.