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Vehicle Classification, Structure and Layouts
Published in G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude, Automotive Systems, 2021
G. K. Awari, V. S. Kumbhar, R. B. Tirpude
Tubular FrameA tubular space frame chassis is made up of circular section tubes, positioned in different directions to provide mechanical strength against force from anywhere. It is complex in nature and difficult to maintain; this type of frame is used in sports vehicles.
Car Body Structures
Published in Raghu Echempati, Primer on Automotive Lightweighting Technologies, 2021
Just like every design, the monocoque design has its advantages and limitations. The monocoque design structure has good crash protection since crumple zones can be built right into the structure. The monocoque structure defines the overall shape of the car and incorporates the chassis right into the body. This requires less fastening and, consequently, less failure points. The monocoque design is space-efficient and lends itself well to mass production using aluminum. Despite the advantages discussed above, the monocoque design requires high tooling costs that hinder its application for small scale production. Additionally, the pure monocoque structure can be relatively heavy but more recently, the design has lost weight due to the use of aluminum instead of steel. Lastly, the rigidity-to-weight ratio is fairly low as the design is intended to benefit space efficiency rather than strength. The pressed sheet panels are not as stiff as structures made from tubes or other closed sections.
Body and chassis
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
The chassis is the load-bearing part of the vehicle. That is to say it carries the weight of the load and the passengers and locates the engine, transmission, steering and suspension. On most popular cars the chassis and the body are one and the same; but on specialised cars and goods vehicles separate chassis are used. There are three main types of chassis; these are ladder chassis, cruciform chassis and backbone chassis.
Artificial neural networks for predicting the demand and price of the hybrid electric vehicle spare parts
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Wafa’ H. AlAlaween, Omar A. Abueed, Abdallah H. AlAlawin, Omar H. Abdallah, Nibal T. Albashabsheh, Esraa S. AbdelAll, Yousef A. Al-Abdallat
The main purpose of this research paper is to develop predictive models based on the ANN to anticipate the demand and price of the HEV SPs in Jordan. Therefore, the related data were collected from the automotive industry in Jordan. Approximately 65 various types of HEVs can be found in Jordan. However, only four types, namely, Hyundai Sonata, Toyota Camry, Toyota Prius and Ford Fusion, represent more than 66.3% of the total number of the HEVs in Jordan according to the “Drivers and Vehicles Licensing Department” (Alalawin et al., 2020). The collected data are related to the main systems of the HEVs which are the engine, transmission, electrical, chassis and service systems. The data set was collected via (i) questionnaires (i.e. interviewer-administered and online questionnaires); and (ii) data requisition from several resources such as Jordan Free Zone Corporation, local retail stores and repair shops and authorized HEVs spare parts websites. It is worth mentioning at this stage that the data can be divided into two categories; vehicle types and SPs-related variables. In addition to the sources used, Table 1 summarizes the various investigated variables, which represent the inputs of the ANN model developed in this research work.
Performance comparison of biomethane, natural gas and gasoline in powering a pickup truck
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Pruk Aggarangsi, James Moran, Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert, Nakorn Tippayawong
The first item was to quantify was the effect of the Air/Fuel stoichiometric ratio on the engine power and torque. For this purpose, an A/F meter from Innovate Motorsport was used along with variable ignition timing. Normally, the engine’s default Electronic Control Unit (ECU) from the factory does not allow adjustment of the ignition timing. In order to take control of the ignition timing, the default ECU was replaced with a Haltech Platinum Sports 1000 model ECU. The engine performs as the original with the addition feature that the ignition timing is controlled, up to 60 degrees before top dead center. After installing the new ECU, the engine was mounted on a chassis dynamometer, in 4th gear with the throttle fully opened. The fuel used was biomethane 85%. Lambda, the real A/F ratio divided by the stoichiometric A/F ratio, was adjusted from 0.80 to 1.05 in increments of 0.05 for a total of 6 data points. These components are shown in Figure 3.
Cooperation in the bundling of hinterland flows of adjacent seaports, an application to the European TEN-T core ports
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2021
Contrary to external costs (see further), there is no generally accepted set of time and distance costs for cargo transport in Europe. Grosso (2011) made an analysis of costs and speeds of intermodal transport. It compares a tractor-trailer combination with a train and a 2000 tonnes barge and is based on average European salaries. Panteia (2017) publishes an extensive analysis of all types of road vehicles with their respective costs and with scenario’s for the different services. For this research, the data for truck and container chassis are used. This is part of series with a yearly update that goes as far back as 2004 (Nea 2004). The original NEA data have also costs for rail transport where the shunting time is amortised over the hourly cost. It works with costs relevant for the Dutch trucking industry. van Hassel, Vanelslander, and Doll (2018) made a study on the greening of transport through the Rhine Alpine corridor which uses cost data for train and truck and that are based on a truck speed that increases asymptotically with the distance towards 80kms/hour, it also has train costs and speeds and inland water way (IWW) time and distance costs (van Hassel, Vanelslander, and Doll 2018). The seminal work of Blauwens, Van de Voorde, and De Baere (2016) has since its 2011 edition time and distance costs for the different transport modes. In their maritime global chain model, van Hassel et al. (2016) calculated the costs of the different hinterland transport modes.