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Force-System Resultants and Equilibrium
Published in Richard C. Dorf, The Engineering Handbook, 2018
Molded-asbestos linings contain asbestos fiber and friction modifiers; a thermoset polymer is used, with heat, to form a rigid or a semirigid molding. The principal use is in drum brakes. Molded-asbestos pads are similar to molded linings but have no flexibility; they are used for both clutches and brakes. Sintered-metal pads are made of a mixture of copper and/or iron particles with friction modifiers, molded under high pressure and then heated to a high temperature to fuse the material. These pads are used in both brakes and clutches for heavy-duty applications. Cermet pads are similar to the sintered-metal pads and have a substantial ceramic content. Typical brake linings may consist of a mixture of asbestos fibers to provide strength and ability to withstand high temperatures; various friction particles to obtain a degree of wear resistance and higher coefficient of friction; and bonding materials. Some clutch friction materials may be run wet by allowing them to dip in oil or to be sprayed by oil. This reduces the coefficient of friction, but more heat can be transferred and higher pressure can be permitted.
Rule-based assistive hybrid electric brake system with energy generation for electric vehicle
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Najmuddin M. Jamadar, H. T. Jadhav
The friction brake mechanism is made up of brake linings that are pressed against the brake drum to slow the vehicle down. During this process, brake dust is produced, which is freely released into the atmosphere and contributes to air pollution. PM with particle sizes of PM2.5 and PM10, which are harmful to humans after inhalation through the air, constitute approximately 50–70% of the emitted dust. Grigoratos and Martini (2015) Table 4 shows the emission rates for various vehicle categories.