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Autonomous Vehicles
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
Brake-by-wire is the ability to engage vehicle brakes through electronic controls and electromechanical actuators. Brake-by-wire is in fact a spectrum of technologies that can use either electro-hydraulic to electromechanical actuators designed with safety features and fail-safe operation of a vehicle in conjunction with other control units such as stability control, traction control and automatic braking unit. The anti-lock brake system (ABS) is the precursor to brake-by-wire which allows the vehicle to brake automatically without any driver input. The brake-by-wire technology goes one step further where the brake engagement is through electronic signals only without any mechanical linkage or hydraulics even if there is a driver involved; the brake pedal in a brake-by-wire system is replaced by a pedal feel emulator. Electric park brake which is now widely used in vehicles is also part of the brake-by-wire system.
Innovative Environmental Design in Means and Systems of Transport with Particular Emphasis on the Human Factor
Published in Gavriel Salvendy, Advances in Human Aspects of Road and Rail Transportation, 2012
Grabarek Iwona, Choromanski Wlodzimierz
Functionalities shown in figure 2 can be achieved by a system of movable and foldable seats. This design, along with the microprocessor-control system, is considered a significant innovation by the authors. The steer-by-wire technology applied in the design of the Eco-car controls wheels’ turning angles, enhances driving comfort and allows the vehicle control system to intervene independently from the driver. The brake-by-wire technology controls the braking system and enables interventions independent from the driver, in order to adjust the braking force of each wheel to road conditions. The pneumatic suspension allows the lowering of the vehicle platform, shock-absorption and maintaining a constant ground-clearance.
Dynamics performance of long combination vehicles with active control systems
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2023
Wei Huang, Mehdi Ahmadian, Amir Rahimi, Luke Steiginga
The active manipulation of the brakes for dynamic performance improvements in LCVs is realised using an electronically controlled braking system (EBS), which replaces the mechanical pneumatic transmission between the brake chambers and air reservoir with electrical transmission via electronic control units (ECU) and electro-pneumatic control valves. This provides active access to each wheel brake torque separately while significantly lowering the signal delays. EBS (brake-by-wire) has been used and proof-tested in Europe for the last two decades. In North America, it has started to become more popular mainly due to increased attention to advanced driver assist systems (ADAS) and electrified vehicles expansion [78]. Without changing the pneumatics fundamentals of braking systems of heavy vehicles compared with conventional ABS, EBS is still reliable in cases of electrical failure, smoother in operation, enables regenerative braking integration in electric heavy vehicles, provides ease of installation, and enhances automated driver assistance and vehicle stability control strategies [79].
Coordinated control strategies for active steering, differential braking and active suspension for vehicle stability, handling and safety improvement
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2019
Hussein Termous, Hassan Shraim, Reine Talj, Clovis Francis, Ali Charara
The models of the actuators of active steering and differential braking are added to the global control scheme to take into consideration their dynamic response with respect to the control input signals. The following models used in [15] and [16] will be adopted: A steer-by-wire Active steering system that will generate an additive steering angle applied to the front wheel axle and modelled as: Where is the cut-off frequency, and are the output of the steering controller and actuator respectively. The output of the actuator is limited between [−5°,5°]. A brake-by-wire electromechanical braking system that will provide the positive braking torque modelled as: Where is the cut-off frequency, and are the output of the ABS rear local controller and the actuator respectively. The output of the actuator is limited between [0, 1200] N.m. The braking torque is only applied to the rear wheels to avoid any interference with the front active steering command.
Managing complex, modular products: how technological uncertainty affects the role of systems integrators in the automotive supply chain
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Adrian E. Coronado Mondragon, Christian E. Coronado Mondragon
The FlexRay protocol is a communication network which is a fault-tolerant, high-speed bus system (www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?code=FLEXRAY; www.ni.com). FlexRay provides error containment and delivers time determinism performance needed for by-wire critical applications (http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3352/en). Fault tolerance is achieved by allowing single or dual-channel redundancy communication; hence, critical safety applications have the required critical redundancy since data is transmitted using two channels. Typically, FlexRay’s data transfer rate is 10 MBit/sec on two channels or a gross data rate up to 20 Mbit/s. Figure 3 depicts the use of FlexRay as an architecture supporting various by-wire applications developed by different suppliers and used in a finished product, in this case a motor vehicle. For example, Figure 3 shows steering-by-wire, brake-by-wire, gas-by-wire (throttle) and there can be many more.