China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Early Shaping of Cognitive Science by Artificial Intelligence
Published in Alessio Plebe, Pietro Perconti, The Future of the Artificial Mind, 2021
Alessio Plebe, Pietro Perconti
Clearly, the world known by SHRDLU is outrageously rarefied and the number of actions it could carry out and questions it could answer, extremely limited. Still, SHRDLU was a major breakthrough, with a linguistic competence such as to suggest that it actually ‘understood’ what was being asked. According to Dennett, the merits of Winograd go way beyond Chomsky: […] Winograd’s real contribution in SHRDLU is not that he has produced an English speaker and understander that is psychologically realistic at many different levels of analysis […] but that he has explored some of the deepest demands on any system that can take direction (in a natural language), plan, change the world and keep track of the changes wrought or contemplated, and in the course of this exploration he has clarified the problems and proposed ingenious and plausible partial solutions to them.(Dennett, 1978, p.117)
Natural language understanding
Published in Janet Finlay, Alan Dix, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, 2020
We met SHRDLU briefly in the Introduction. If you recall, SHRDLU is the natural language processing system developed by Winograd at MIT in the early 1970s (Winograd 1972). It is used for controlling a robot in a restricted “blocks” domain. The robot’s world consists of a number of blocks of various shapes, sizes and colours, which it can manipulate as instructed or answer questions about. All instructions and questions are given in natural language and even though the robot’s domain is so limited, it still encounters the problems we have mentioned. Consider for example the following instructions: Find a block that is taller than the one you are holding and place it in the boxHow many blocks are on top of the green block? Put the red pyramid on the block in the boxDoes the shortest thing the tallest pyramid’s support supports support anything green?
Natural Language Processing Associated with Expert Systems
Published in Jay Liebowitz, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, 2019
SHRDLU represents a significant step forward in NLP research because of its successful attempt to implement both a “serious” linguistic analysis and some “realistic” reasoning methods. The system had, of course, many limitations, mainly due to the fact of dealing with a simple, logical, and closed domain: this allowed one, e.g., to avoid handling many of the more complex features of English.
Survey on frontiers of language and robotics
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2019
T. Taniguchi, D. Mochihashi, T. Nagai, S. Uchida, N. Inoue, I. Kobayashi, T. Nakamura, Y. Hagiwara, N. Iwahashi, T. Inamura
In terms of AI research, several studies have been conducted on pragmatics. SHRDLU was primarily a language parser that allowed user interaction with a robot in a simulated physical world. The user instructed SHRDLU to move various objects around in the ‘blocks world’ containing various basic objects. This program was very innovative and promising, and made many important suggestions not just for the development of artificial conversational systems, but also for the human cognition of language use in the physical world. This scheme still has a great influence on conversational systems. However, Winograd [187] himself pointed to the limits of the SHRDLU scheme in terms of background and subjectivity as follows: