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Blast, Fire, and Impact-Resistant Design
Published in Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Advanced Steel Design of Structures, 2019
Quantum of energy, released into the atmosphere results in a pressure-transient wave or a blast wave. Further, it is important to note that the blast wave propagates outward in all directions from the source at a sonic or supersonic speed. Supersonic speed is defined as the rate of travel of an object exceeding the speed of sound. For objects traveling in dry air at a temperature of about 20°C, the supersonic speed is about 344 m/s, which is equivalent to 667 knots or about 1240 km/ho. The magnitude and shape of the blast wave depend upon the nature of the energy released and the distance of the object from the epicenter of the explosion. Blast waves are categorized into two: shock wave (S-waves) and pressure waves (P-waves).
Fault diagnosis and accommodation with flight control applications
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2020
Bin Jiang, Ke Zhang, Chun Liu, Hao Yang
Fault diagnosis and accommodation has been widely applied in flight control systems, especially in the control fields of hypersonic vehicles, spacecrafts and helicopters. Hypersonic flight vehicles are new kinds of aircrafts that are able to attain a supersonic speed cruising for some specific missions, and they have significant value in both military and civil applications. Spacecraft has been widely used in accomplishing modern space missions, such as earth monitoring and in-orbit servicing. Helicopters have a distinct advantage over fixed-wing aircrafts, especially in supervision and reconnaissance, search and rescue, and wildlife observation. Because of these clear benefits, the flight control of hypersonic vehicle, spacecraft and helicopter has received considerable attention, and many effective methods have been proposed in the past few years. A classification diagram of fault diagnosis and FA with flight control applications is illustrated in Figure 4.