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Transpiration Cooling Using Porous Material for Hypersonic Applications
Published in Yasser Mahmoudi, Kamel Hooman, Kambiz Vafai, Convective Heat Transfer in Porous Media, 2019
Adriano Cerminara, Ralf Deiterding, Neil D. Sandham
Hypersonic flight is characterized by very high values of temperature and heat flux reached at the wall, which can compromise the structural integrity of the vehicle. This is due to the large amount of kinetic energy converted into thermal energy by the shock forming in front of the body and by viscous effects inside the boundary layer. This produces high temperature peaks inside the boundary layer at small normal distances from the wall, which results in a high wall heat flux. Aerodynamic heating due to viscous effects inside the boundary layer is the main source of wall heating over most of the surface of slender bodies (e.g., cruise vehicles) flying at hypersonic speeds. The leading-edge region near the stagnation point is, in contrast, linked to the high temperatures reached at the edge of the boundary layer due to the front shock. This is the primary form of heating in the case of blunt bodies, such as the reentry capsules. For a reentry vehicle flying at a Mach number of 36, for example, as in the case of the Apollo reentry capsule, the temperature in the shock layer in front of the nose can reach values as high as 11,000 K (Anderson Jr., 2006).
Hypersonic Aircraft
Published in G. Daniel Brewer, Hydrogen Aircraft Technology, 2017
By general agreement, the term “hypersonic” has come to mean speeds of Mach 6 and above. The term “supersonic” generally applies to speeds from Mach 1 to Mach 6. However, it must be stressed that this demarcation is arbitrary. There is no physical change that occurs to mark the transition from supersonic to hypersonic. For convenience, the present discussion of hypersonic aircraft will include some comments about vehicles designed to cruise at Mach 5.
High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Engines
Published in Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines, 2017
Hypersonic flight is identified as flight with a Mach number exceeding 5 [14]. The main problem of that speed range is the very large wave drag. To minimize this, both the aircraft and engine must be completely reconfigured. Until now, apart from in research work, no civil aircraft can fly at hypersonic speeds. Only rockets can.
HALO3D: An All-Mach Approach to Hypersonic Flows Simulation
Published in International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2022
Vincent Casseau, Wenbo Zhang, Shrutakeerti Mallikarjun, Wagdi G. Habashi, Song Gao, Abolfazl Karchani
A several-fold increase in air-space transportation speed would enable a whole new ecosystem to develop around the idea that distance and time are no longer constraining factors to point-to-point travel on Earth. This is the prospect brought by the re-emergence of higher-speed technology programmes with space agencies and companies strenuously pushing new boundaries to be leaders in this billion-dollar market. Defined as travel at speeds greater than Mach 5 below the Kármán line, hypersonic flight is of benefit to space exploration, exploitation, tourism, and civilian and cargo transportation, whose economical sustainability heavily relies upon reliability, operational efficiency, and re-usability (Erbland 2004): Space X's Falcon 9 rocket being the first of such transportation systems to be profitable – although being only partially-reusable. These three pillars are now part of the specifications adopted by most planned launch vehicles and spaceplanes, as exemplified by Space X's Starship, Blue Origin's New Glenn, Hermeus’ Quarterhorse Mach 5 jet, NASA–Lockheed Martin's X-59 QueSST demonstrator, JAXA's Sky Frontier hypersonic research programme, and numerous supersonic vehicles from companies such as Aerion, Boom Supersonic, Spike Aerospace, and Virgin Galactic, to name a few.
Fault diagnosis and accommodation with flight control applications
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2020
Bin Jiang, Ke Zhang, Chun Liu, Hao Yang
Fault diagnosis and accommodation has been widely applied in flight control systems, especially in the control fields of hypersonic vehicles, spacecrafts and helicopters. Hypersonic flight vehicles are new kinds of aircrafts that are able to attain a supersonic speed cruising for some specific missions, and they have significant value in both military and civil applications. Spacecraft has been widely used in accomplishing modern space missions, such as earth monitoring and in-orbit servicing. Helicopters have a distinct advantage over fixed-wing aircrafts, especially in supervision and reconnaissance, search and rescue, and wildlife observation. Because of these clear benefits, the flight control of hypersonic vehicle, spacecraft and helicopter has received considerable attention, and many effective methods have been proposed in the past few years. A classification diagram of fault diagnosis and FA with flight control applications is illustrated in Figure 4.
A comprehensive RFD-FTC-DCA system for hypersonic vehicles with saturation constraints
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
Bing-Qian Li, Meng-Zhen Du, Ling-Hao Zhang, Mu-Zhou Zong
A hypersonic vehicle is a kind of aerial vehicle that cruises at a speed greater than Mach 5 and an altitude beyond 20 km, whose high speed is helpful to shorten the duration, especially that of long-range flights (Gao et al., 2021; Zhao & Li, 2020). Compared with conventional aerial vehicles, hypersonic vehicles are characterised by large envelopes, high speed, low launch cost, and dynamic properties, and have potential values in both military and civil applications, which have attracted considerable attention in recent years (Wang et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2019). However, there are many challenges to be addressed.